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BIOCHEMISTRY > CURB THE CARB > Flashcards

CURB THE CARB Flashcards

1
Q

per mole of glucose, ilang ATP meron?

A

36 or 38 moles of ATP

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2
Q

CHO can generate reducing equivalents in the form of

A

NADPH

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3
Q

RIBOSE: nucleic acids
_______: milk

A

galactose

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4
Q

glucose is major fuel for fetus by the ____ trimester

A

3rd, max transfer of nutrients from mother to baby

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5
Q

dietary fibers: ___ & ___ binds lipid compounds such as cholesterols

A

Pectin and Lectin

Thus, these lower blood cholesterol levels

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6
Q

Pyruvate converted to Alanine by what pathway?

A

Gluconeogenesis (AA to glucose)

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7
Q

30 to 40% of CHO digestion happens in the

A

mouth by salivary amylase (ptyalin)
linkages: 1,4 glycosidic ng amylose and amylopectin
pH: 6-7 pH at mainactivate siya by less than 4 pH
end products: dextrin, maltose

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8
Q

Sa small intestine naman ang final digestion of CHO by enzymes _______

A 
pancreatic amylase (amylopsin)
oligosaccharides from brush border of small intestine
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9
Q 
enzyme -> CHO
sucrase: sucrose 
lactase (beta-galactosidase): lactose 
maltase (alpha-glucosidase): maltose 
isomaltase (alpha 1,6 glucosidase): \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

alpha 1,6 glycosidic bonds

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10
Q

What part of the small intestine is CHO absorbed?

A

jejunum

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11
Q

What is the most rapidly absorbed CHO?

A

Galactose

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12
Q

What is the most LEAST rapidly absorbed CHO?

A

Pentoses

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13
Q

Fate of 50% glucose?

A

ENERGY (glycolysis)

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14
Q

Fate of 30-40% glucose?

A

FATS

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15
Q

Fate of 10% glucose?

A

GLYCOGEN (muscles, liver)

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16
Q

Insulin facilitates the entry of glucose inside cell EXCEPT in

A

LIVER

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17
Q

possible ang conversion ng G6P to glucose using ____

A

GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATASE pero nasa liver lang siya

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18
Q

why is hexokinase used first in the pathway?

A

kasi pwede siya gamitin kahit mababa levels ng glucose mo

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19
Q

bakit tinawag na “specific enzyme” ang glucokinase?

A

ACTS ONLY ON GLUCOSE

(induced by insulin) -> high levels of glucose

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20
Q

Oxidative degradation to CO2

A

energy formation by krebs cycle from glycolysis

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21
Q

FATES OF G6P?

A 
uronic acid pathway
krebs cycle/TCA
glycolysis 
HMP shunt (degradation)
blood glucose, energy, FA, cholesterol, glycogen
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22
Q

aerobic: glucose -> pyruvate
anaerobic: glucose -> _____

A

LACTATE

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23
Q

GLYCOLYSIS happens where in the cell?

A

CYTOSOL (exergonic to ah. energy producing MOSTLY)

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24
Q

What does RBC and cornea, lens, retina in relation to glycolysis?

A

lack mitochondria, anaerobic glycolysis

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25
Q

In the absence of glucose in the brain, the _____ is metabolized by brain tissue

A

ketone bodies

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26
Q

① Glucose 🡆G6P (first priming reax)

enzyme: ________

A

hexokinase
uses ATP
start of preparatory phase
1ST irreversible step

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27
Q

② G6P 🡆 F6P

enzyme: ________

A

phosphohexose isomerase (PHI)
aldose 🡆 ketose
REVERSIBLE
ISOMERIZATION

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28
Q

③ F6P 🡆 F1,6BP (second priming reax)

enzyme: ________

A

PFK1 (phosphofructokinase 1)
uses ATP
rate-limiting enzyme
2ND irreversible step

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29
Q

④ F1,6BP 🡆 GD3P + DHAP

enzyme: ________

A 
Aldose - cleavage enzyme
2 sugars to 3 carbons each 
GD3P - aldose 
DHAP - ketose 
ISOMERIZATION
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30
Q

⑤ GD3P 🡆 G3P(2)

enzyme: ________

A

Triosephosphate isomerase (TPI)

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31
Q

⑥ G3P(2) 🡆 1,3BPG(2)

enzyme: ________

A

G3PDH
start of pay off phase
oxidoreduction-phosphorylation
NADH 🡆 NAD 🡆 oxidation (H+ enter ETC in mitochondria to produce ATP)

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32
Q

⑦ 1,3BPG(2) 🡆 3PG(2)

enzyme: ________

A

PGK (phosphoglycerate kinase)
1st ATP forming reaction
transferase reax
substrate level phosphorylation

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33
Q

⑧ 3PG(2) 🡆 2PG(2)

enzyme: ________

A

PGM (phospho-glycerate mutase)
phosphate change from pos. 3 🡆 pos. 2
ISOMERIZATION

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34
Q

⑨ 2PG(2) 🡆 PEP(2)

enzyme: ________

A

Enolase (inhibited by fluoride)
releases H2O(2)
DEHYDRATION

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35
Q

⑩ PEP(2) 🡆 Pyruvate(2)
tautomerizes into its KETO FORM
enzyme: ________

A

PK (Pyruvate Kinase)
3rd irreversible step
2nd ATP forming reaction
substrate level phosphorylation

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36
Q

1 mol glucose 🡆 aerobic glycolysis by MAS 🡆 total ATPs would be?

A

Gross ATP: 9
Net ATP: 7
[reax #6 = 5 ATP]

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37
Q

1 mol glucose 🡆 aerobic glycolysis by G3PS 🡆 total ATPs would be?

A

Gross ATP: 7
Net ATP: 5
[reax #6 = 3 ATP]

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38
Q

1 mol glucose 🡆 anaerobic glycolysis 🡆 total ATPs is?

A

Gross ATP: 4
Net ATP: 2
[no ATP on reax #6]
reax #7 and #10 lang meron

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39
Q

Starting at F1,6BP, it will produce how many NET ATPs?🡆 aerobic glycolysis by MAS

A

Gross ATP: 9
Net ATP: 9
tandaan, reax #6 siya nag start so walang bawas na ATP

40
Q

If ang reaction #6 sa glycolysis ay anaerobic, ano fate ng NADH?

A

pyruvate 🡆 lactate

enzyme: lactate dehydrogenase

41
Q

What inhibits pyruvate kinase?

A

ATP, alanine, FA, acetyl-coA

42
Q

What stimulates pyruvate kinase?

A

F1,6BP

43
Q

pyruvate 🡆 transamination = ?

A

pyruvate + NH2 = alanine

44
Q

pyruvate 🡆 oxidative carboxylation = ?

A

acetyl coA (recall: Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex)

45
Q

quickie: 3 enzymes ng PDH complex?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase ①
Dihydrolipoyl Transacetylase ②
Dihydrolipoyl Dehydrogenase ③

46
Q

R group ng pyruvate dehydrogenase?

A

① Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)

vit B1

47
Q

R group ng DHLT?

Transfer of acetyl group to coA

A

② Lipoamide CoASH

vit B5

48
Q

R group ng DH dehydrogenase?

regeneration of oxidized lipoamide

A

③ FAD = vit B2

NAD = vit B3

49
Q

If any of the enzymes in PDH complex is blocked, what happens?

A

lactic acid will accumulate 🡆 lactic acidosis

50
Q

what is the importance of b vitamins in the fate of pyruvate?

A

pyruvate cannot be converted to acetyl-coA w/o B vitamins 🡆 beri-beri

51
Q

These inhibit PDH complex

A

Arsenite & Mercuric ions - reacts with the -SH of lipoic acid
Thiamine deficiency - alcoholics

52
Q

In the cori cycle or lactic acid cycle, lactate is produced by ______ glycolysis in the muscles 🡆 liver 🡆 converted to glucose 🡆 muscles 🡆 lactate

A

anaerobic glycolysis

53
Q

The cori cycle includes both

A

glycolysis and gluconeogenesis

54
Q

80% of acetyl coA 🡆 ______ 🡆 maximize ATP production

A

krebs cycle (reuires insulin to enter)

55
Q

Triglyceride 🡆 _____ 🡆 free FA 🡆 beta-oxidation 🡆 acetyl coA

A

lipolysis

56
Q

Protein 🡆 _______ 🡆 AA 🡆 deamination & oxidation 🡆 acetyl coA

A

proteolysis

57
Q

glycogen 🡆 glycogenolysis 🡆 glucose 🡆 glycolysis 🡆 pyruvate 🡆 ______ 🡆 acetyl coA

A

oxidation

58
Q

What happens when there is no insulin?

A

acetyl coA cannot enter krebs
➀ formation ketone bodies
② formation cholesterol

59
Q

α-ketoglutarate is a precursor of

A

glutamic acid

60
Q

oxaloacetate is a precursor of

A

aspartic acid

61
Q

1st reaction of the kreb cycle depends on

A

availability of acetyl coA
availability of oxaloacetate
concentration of succinyl coA

62
Q

succinyl coA inhibits ______

A

citrate synthase

63
Q

① Acetyl coA + oxaloacetate =

A

citrate
1st rate limiting step
𝕔𝕠𝕟𝕥𝕣𝕠𝕝 𝕡𝕠𝕚𝕟𝕥
CONDENSATION

64
Q

② Citrate 🡆 Isocitrate
enzyme: Aconitase
what reaction is this?

A

dehydration/rehydration reaction

REVERSIBLE

65
Q

③ Isocitrate 🡆 α-ketoglutarate
enzyme: isocitrate dehydrogenase
what reaction is this? what does it release?

A 
NAD dependent 
ATP = 2.5
release of CO2
𝕔𝕠𝕟𝕥𝕣𝕠𝕝 𝕡𝕠𝕚𝕟𝕥
OXIDATIVE DECARBOXYLATION
66
Q

TOP 3 importance of the Krebs cycle?

A

synthesis of NADH
precursors for amino acids
release of stored energy through oxidation of acetyl coA

67
Q

mnemonics for the krebs cycle/citric acid cycle/tricarboxylic acid cycle

A 
Our - Oxaloacetate 
City - Citrate 
Is - Isocitrate 
Kept - alpha-ketoglutarate 
Safe and - succinyl-coA 
Sound - succinate 
From - fumarate 
Malice - malate
68
Q

What reaction in the krebs cycle is energy conserving?

A

Reax ⑤ Succinyl-coA 🡆 Succinate
enzyme: Succinyl coA synthase
1 ATP is produced
subtrate level phosphorylation

69
Q

④ α-ketoglutarate 🡆 succinyl-coA
enzyme: α-KGD complex
How many ATPS are produced?

A

2.5 ATP
NAD dependent
𝕔𝕠𝕟𝕥𝕣𝕠𝕝 𝕡𝕠𝕚𝕟𝕥
release of CO2

70
Q

⑥ succinate 🡆 fumarate

enzyme: succinate dehydrogenase

A

1.5 ATP
𝕔𝕠𝕟𝕥𝕣𝕠𝕝 𝕡𝕠𝕚𝕟𝕥
dehydrogenation
H+ pass through FAD (complex II ng ETC)

71
Q

⑦ fumarate 🡆 malate

enzyme: fumarase

A

addition of H2O

HYDRATION

72
Q

⑧ Malate 🡆 Oxaloacetate

enzyme: Malate dehydrogenase

A

2.5 ATP
NAD dependent
DEHYDROGENATION

73
Q

Total ATP produced by one cycle of krebs cycle?

A

[Oxidative phosphorylation - 9 ATP]
[Substrate phosphorylation - 1 ATP]
Add 2 mol pyruvate that entered = 10 x 2
20 ATP

74
Q

glucose 🡺 complete oxidation 🡺 G3PS 🡺 total ATPs?

A

Gross ATP: 32

Net ATP: 30

75
Q

glucose 🡺 complete oxidation 🡺 MAS 🡺 total ATPs?

A

Gross ATP: 34

Net ATP: 32

76
Q

glucose 🡺 complete oxidation 🡺 MAS 🡺 total ATPs through oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Gross ATP: 23

Net ATP: 21

77
Q

1 mol of α-ketoglutarate 🡆 krebs cycle 🡆 total ATPS produced?

A 
7.5 ATP
4th = 2.5
5th = 1 
6th = 2.5 
8th = 2.5 
total = 7.5 ATP
78
Q

F1,6BP 🡆 complete oxidation 🡆 G3PS 🡆 total ATPs produced?

A

Gross ATP: 32

Net ATP: 32

79
Q

Vitamins that play important role in krebs cycle?

A

B1, B2, B3, B5

80
Q

Glycolysis and Glycogenesis 🡆 _______ pathways

Stimulated by insulin

A

HYPOglycemic (blood sugar lower than normal)

81
Q

Glycogenolysis and Gluconeogenesis 🡆 ______ pathways

Stimulated by glucagon

A

HYPERglycemic (blood sugar higher than normal)

82
Q 
Major gluconeogenic precursors: 
Lactate 
Glycerol 
Glucogenic AA 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ sa animals
A

Propionate

83
Q

What is LIPOLYSIS?

A

breakdown of fats into fatty acids and glycerol

84
Q

What is GLYCOGENOLYSIS?

A

breakdown of glycogen to glucose

85
Q

what are the 3 steps in glycolysis that should be reversed?

A

PEP 🡆 Pyruvate
F6P 🡆 F1,6BP
Glucose 🡆 G6P

86
Q

Why is there a need for pyruvate to be converted to malate first before exiting the mitochondria?

A

There is no OXALOACETATE TRANSPORTER in there.

87
Q

Oxaloacetate 🡆 PEP

what is the enzyme used?

A

PEPCK (Phospho-enol-pyruvate Carboxykinase

88
Q

Remember that F2,6BP:
stimulates ______
inhibits _______

A

glycolysis

gluconeogenesis

89
Q

Fact! what is the most potent ALLOSTERIC ACTIVATOR of PFK1?

A

F2,6BP

90
Q

HMP shunt occurs in what part of the cell?

A

CYSTOSOL

It is the oxidation of G6P 🡆 pentose phosphates

91
Q

2 Major functions of HMP shunt:
➀ generation of _____ for reductive synthesis
➁ production of _____ for nucleotide & nucleic acid biosynthesis

A

NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)

Ribose-5-Phosphate

92
Q

In the oxidative stage of HMP shunt,

NADPH is produced as _____

A

G6P 🡆 ribose-5-phosphate

93
Q

In the non-oxidative stage of HMP shunt,

R-5-P 🡆 F6P + _____

A

GD3P

94
Q

ano ang glycogenesis?

A

intracellular synthesis of glycogen occurs in the liver and muscle

95
Q

ano naman ang glycogenolysis?

A

intracellular degradation of glycogen

main rate-limiting enzyme: glycogen phosphorylase

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