Prokaryotes

Question 1

Characteristics of Prokaryotes

Answer 1

No nucleus or membrane bound organelles, no centrioles or mitosis, one chromosome

Question 2

Prokaryotic Chromosome

Answer 2

Circular, double stranded DNA. In the cytoplasm

Question 3

Where does transcription and translation take place?

Answer 3

Both in cytoplasm so they are coupled

Question 4

Prokaryotic structures

Answer 4

plasmid (extrachromosomal DNA), cilia (no locomotion, used for cell attachment), flagellum (Locomotion, differs from Eukaryotic flagella), cell membrane, Call wall

Question 5

What is the cell wall made out of

Answer 5

Peptidoglycan

Question 6

Eubacteria

Answer 6

True bacteria

Question 7

Archaebacteria

Answer 7

Separate domain from eubacteria. Eukaryotes are more related to these than to eubacteria. Extremophiles.

Question 8

Cocci

Answer 8

Round-shaped

Question 9

Bacilli

Answer 9

Rod-Shaped

Question 10

Spirilla

Answer 10

Spiral-shaped

Question 11

Gram +

Answer 11

Stains purple with crystal violet. Has cell wall with peptidoglycan

Question 12

Gram -

Answer 12

stains pink with counter stain. Has cell wall with peptidoglycan and additional defense, another lipid membrane called LPS (lipid polysaccharide). LPS doesn’t allow for violet stain to pick up. Contains endotoxins which cause a bad immune response.

Question 13

Flagella

Answer 13

Not all bacteria have them. differs from Eukaryotic. Uses a lot of ATP

Question 14

Chemotaxis

Answer 14

Use flagella to move toward chemoattractant. concentration of chemoattractant increases, concentration of chemorepellant decreases.

Question 15

Bacterial Growth

Answer 15

Lag phase, log phase, stationary phase, death phase

Question 16

lag phase

Answer 16

cell growth

Question 17

log phase

Answer 17

(exponential phase) population explodes

Question 18

stationary phase

Answer 18

nutrients are used up, cell division stops

Question 19

death phase

Answer 19

no more nutrients left at all, cells die.

Question 20

What does an autoclave do?

Answer 20

heats liquid water up to 120C using pressure to kill endospores

Question 21

Endospores

Answer 21

Thick peptidoglycan coat to keep cell dormant under harsh conditions. Can survive 100C. will germinate once conditions are favorable again.

Question 22

Aerobes

Answer 22

Live in presence of oxygen

Question 23

anaerobes

Answer 23

live in the absence of oxygen. Gangrene is an obligate anaerobe so it is killed by exposing it to oxygen.

Question 24

Facultative Anaerobes

Answer 24

live in the presence or absence of oxygen

Question 25

How to bacteria get genetic diversity?

Answer 25

Conjugation

Question 26

Conjugation

Answer 26

F+ (male) makes additional copy of plasmid and transfers one copy via the sex pili to a F- (female) who has no plasmid yet. Once female receives plasmid, it now becomes male.