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Biology > Muscular and skeletal systems > Flashcards

Muscular and skeletal systems Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

endoskeleton

A

serves as the framework within all vertebrate organisms

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2
Q

cartilage

A

connective tissues that is softer and more flexible than bone. external ear, nose, wall of the larynx, skeletal joints.

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3
Q

Chronddrocytes

A

cells responsible for synthesizing cartilage

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4
Q

Bone

A

mineralized connective tissue with the ability to withstand physical stress

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5
Q

Compact bone

A

dense bone that does not appear to have any cavities when observed with the naked eye. Osteons, Haversian Canals, lammellae

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6
Q

osteons

A

the bony matrix is deposited in these structural units

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7
Q

Haversian Canals

A

central microscopic channel in an osteon

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8
Q

Lamellae

A

Concentric circles of bony matrix that surround the haversian canal

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9
Q

Spongy Bone

A

less dense and consists of an interconnecting lattice of bony spicules (trabeculae). space between spicules filled with bone marrow

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10
Q

red marrow

A

involved in blood cell formation

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11
Q

yellow marrow

A

inactive and infiltrated by adipose tissue

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12
Q

osteoblasts

A

synthesize and secrete the organic constituents of the bone matrix. Once they have become surrounded by their matrix they mature into osteocytes

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13
Q

osteoclasts

A

large, multinucleated cells involved in bone reabsorption, when bone is broken down and minerals are released back into the blood.

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14
Q

Two types of bone formation

A

endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossification

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15
Q

endochondral ossification

A

existing cartilage is replaced by bone. Long bones arise from this

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16
Q

intramembrnaous ossification

A

mesenchymal (embryonic or undifferentiated) connective tissue is transformed into and replaced by bone.

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17
Q

what is the basic framework of the body?

A

axial skeleton

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18
Q

axial skeleton

A

skull, vertebral column, rib cage

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19
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

points of attachment to the axial skeleton. pectoral and pelvic girdles, and bones of the appendages

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20
Q

what holds the joints of the skull together

A

sutures or immovable joints

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21
Q

What holds different bones together at a joint?

A

ligaments

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22
Q

Tendons

A

attach bone to muscles and bend the skeleton at the moveable joint

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23
Q

origin of muscle

A

the point of attachment of a muscle to a stationary bone. (proximal end)

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24
Q

insertion of muscle

A

the point of attachment of a muscle to the bone that moves. (distal end in limb muscle)

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25
Q

three types of muscles

A

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

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26
Q

pyramidal system (muscles)

A

rapid commands to skeletal muscles and various other organs because there is no intervening synapses.

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27
Q

extrapyramidal system

A

somatic motor commands as a result of processing performed at the unconscious, involuntary level.

28
Q

What is responsible for the control of muscle tone?

A

the red nucleus of the mesencephalon. extrapyramidal

29
Q

skeletal muscles are innervated by the

A

somatic nervous system

30
Q

myofibrils

A

filaments embedded in the muscle fibers. lots of mitochondria

31
Q

myofibrils are divided into these contractile units

A

sarcomeres

32
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

myofibrils are enveloped by this modified endoplasmic reticulum that stores calcium ions.

33
Q

sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

34
Q

sarcolemma

A

cell membrane of a muscle fiber. capable of propogating action potentials and is connected to a system of T Tubules oriented perpendicularly to the myofibrils.

35
Q

The T system of the muscle

A

provides channels for ion flow throughout the muscle fibers and can also propagate an action potential.

36
Q

Striated muscle

A

Skeletal muscle. striations of light and dark bands.

37
Q

sarcomeres

A

composed of thin and thick filaments.

38
Q

What are the thin filaments composed of?

A

actin

39
Q

what are the thick filaments composed of?

A

myosin

40
Q

Boundaries of a single sarcomere and anchor the thin filaments.

A

Z line

41
Q

Runs down the center of the sarcomere

A

M line

42
Q

The region containing thick filaments only

A

H zone

43
Q

spans the entire length of the thick filaments and any overlapping portions of the thin filament

A

A band

44
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

link between the nerve terminal and the sarcolemma

45
Q

Contraction

A

Action potential is generated via depolarization of nerve cell and conducted along the sarcomere and the T system and into the interior of the muscle fiber. Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca ions that initiate the contraction of the sarcomere by binding to troponin C on the actin filaments. Allosteric changes in the protein allow myosin heads to bind to these sites on the actin. Use of energy allows a power stroke to occur, pulling Z bands closer together. Actin and myosin slide past each other and the sarcomere contracts.

46
Q

rigor mortis

A

rigidity caused by absense of ATP which is required for the myosin heads to be released from the actin filaments. Rigid for 12-24 hours after death

47
Q

Isotonic Muscle Contraction

A

muscle shortens against a fixed load while the tension on that muscle remains constant.

48
Q

Dynamic muscle contraction

A

includes both concentric and eccentric types of contraction. Results in the change in length of the muscle with a corresponding change in tension on that muscle

49
Q

Concentric contraction

A

dynamic contraction where the muscle fibers shorten and the tension on the muscle increases

50
Q

eccentric muscle contraction

A

dynamic contraction where the muscle fiber lengthens and the tension on the muscle increases.

51
Q

isometric contraction

A

both ends of the muscle are fixed and no change in length occurs, but tension increases.

52
Q

Strength of a muscle fiber contraction

A

Can not be increased, all or none. The strength of the entire muscle contraction can be increased by recruiting more muscle fibers.

53
Q

simple twitch

A

response of a single muscle fiber to a brief stimulus at or above the threshold stimulus and consists of a latent period, a contraction period, and a relaxation period.

54
Q

What happens during the latent period of a simple twitch

A

Time between the stimulation and the onset of the contraction. Action potential spreads along the sarcolemma and Ca2+ ions are released.

55
Q

absolute refractory period

A

muscle is unresponsive to stimulus during this brief relaxation.

56
Q

Temporal summation

A

when the fibers of a muscle are exposed to very frequent stimuli, the muscle cannot fully relax. Contractions begin to combine, becoming stronger and more prolonged.

57
Q

Tetanus

A

When the contractions from temporal summation become continuous because it is so frequent that the muscle cannot relax. stronger than a simple twitch of a single fiber. Muscle will fatigue and contraction will weaken

58
Q

Tonus

A

state of partial contraction

59
Q

What allows skeletal muscles to continue contracting in the absence of oxygen?

A

muscles convert glucose to pyruvic acid through glycolysis, Lactic acid is generated when pyruvic acid reacts with the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase. this allows the pyruvate to enter Krebs cycle

60
Q

Cori Cycle during periods of strenuous activity

A

converts lactic acid in the liver to glucose for discharge in the blood stream.. Muscles are then able to uses the glucose as an immediate source of energy or to rebuild their glycogen stores.

61
Q

What is necessary for the creation of ATP during periods of strenuous exercise?

A

Conversion of glucose to pyruvate in the muscle cells. Does not involve Cori Cycle.

62
Q

smooth muscle

A

involuntary. innervated by autonomic NS. digestive tract, bladder, uterus, blood vessels. one centrally located nucleus and lack striations of skeletal muscles

63
Q

cardiac muscles

A

heart. characteristics of both smooth and skeletal. actin and myosin filametns are arranged in sarcomeres. striated. one or two centrally located nuclei

64
Q

Energy reserves

A

creatine phosphate

65
Q

myoglobin

A

Hemoglobin like protein found in muscle tissue. high oxygen affinity and maintains the oxygen supply in muscles by tightly binding to oxygen.

Biology (28 decks)

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