Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Circulatory and Respiratory systems > Flashcards

Circulatory and Respiratory systems Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Blood is pumped away from the heart via

A

the Aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where does gas exchange occur between the blood and tissues?

A

capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What carries the blood back to the heart?

A

Veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary circulation?

A

right side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic circulation

A

left side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which is more muscular, the atria or the ventricles?

A

the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which ventricle is more muscular?

A

left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What can can lead to congestice heart failure and other cardiovascular diseases?

A

hypertrophied heart (enlarged) due to systemic resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the flow of blood through the heart

A

superior vena cava - right atrium - tricuspid vavle - right ventricle - pulmonary semilunar valve - pulmonary arteris - lungs - plumonary veins - left atrium - mitral valve - left ventricle - aortic semilunar valve - rest of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

atrioventricular valves

A

located between the atria and ventricles on both sides of the heart. prevent backflow of blood into the atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

tricuspid valve

A

atrioventricular valve on the right side. 3 cusps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Mitral valve

A

atrioventriculr valve on the left side of the heart. 2 cusps.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

semilunar valve

A

3 cusps. located between the left ventricle and the aorta (the aortic valve) and between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery (pulmonic valve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

“lub-dub” sound

A

made by successive vlosing of the atrioventriular and semilunar valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what makes up the heartbeat?

A

systole and diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

systole

A

ventricles contract, forcing blood out of the heart into the pulmonary and systemic circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Diastole

A

cardiac muscle relaxation. blood drains from all four chambers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

cardiac output

A

total volume of blood the left ventricle pumps out per minute. Cardiac output= heart rate X Stroke Volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

cardiac muscle

A

contracts rhythmically without stimulation from the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

SA node

A

where cardiac contraction originates. the pacemaker. in the wall of the RA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

AV node

A

impulse from SA node arrives here. it slowly conducts impulses to the rest of the heart, allowing enough time for atrial contraction and for the ventricles to fill with blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Bundle of His (AV bundle)

A

impulse from AV node sent here. Branches into the left and right bundle branches.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Purkinje Fibers

A

impulse goes here from the Bundle of His. It is in the walls of both ventricles, stimulating a strong contraction that forces the blood out of the heart and in to circulation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What modifies the rate of heart contraction?

A

autonomic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the heart?

A

innervates it with the vagus nerve and causes a decrease in heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the heart?

A

innervates it with the cervical and upper thoracic ganglia and causes an increase in heart rate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What effect does the adrenal medulla have on the heart rate?

A

exerts hormonal control via epinephrine secretion, which causes increased heart rate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Arteries

A

Thick walled, muscular, elastic. transports blood away from the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Pulmonary Artery

A

The only artery that carries deoxygenated blood. Carried it from the heart to the lungs.

30
Q

Veins

A

thin walled, inelastic, carry blood to the heart. Movement of blood through veins is more dependent on muscle movement. Depends on gravity too. Have valves that prevent back flow

31
Q

Pulmonary Vein

A

The only vein that carries oxygenated blood. from the lungs to the heart.

32
Q

capillaries

A

Composed of a single layer of endothelial cells across which respiratory gases, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, and wastes can readily diffuse. smallest diameter of blood vessels

33
Q

Lymphatic system

A

secondary circulation system. vessels transport interstitial fluid called lymph, keeping fluid levels in the blood constant.

34
Q

lacteals

A

the smallest lymphatic vessels that collect fat in the form of chylomicrons from the vili in small intestines and transfer them to the blood stream, bypassing the liver.

35
Q

Lymph Nodes

A

swellings along lymph vessels containing phagocytic cells (lymphocytes)

36
Q

How much blood does the human body normal contain?

A

4-6 liters

37
Q

What percentage of the two components is blood made up?

A

55% liquid components, 45% cellular components.

38
Q

Plasma

A

Liquid portion of blood. 55%. aqueous mixture of nutrients, salt, respiratory gases, wastes, hormones, and blood proteins

39
Q

Cellular components of blood

A

45%. erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

40
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells. larger than erythrocytes and serve protective functions.

41
Q

platelets

A

cell fragments that lack nuclei and are involved in clot formation. Many drugs inhibit clot formation or adhesion to decrease clot development

42
Q

erythrocytes

A

RBC. oxygen carrying components of blood. 250 million molecules of hemoglobin, which can bind up to four O molecules. distinct biconcave, disk like shape that gives them both increased surface area for gas exchange and greater flexibility for movement through tiny capillaries. Formed from cells in bone marrow.

43
Q

oxyhemoglobin

A

when hemoglobin binds to O. The primary form of oxygen transport in the blood.

44
Q

What is erythrocyte formation stimulated by?

A

erythropoetin, a hormone made in the kidneys

45
Q

How are erythrocytes made?

A

erythropoietin (hormone from kidneys) stimulate production in bone marrow. Here the erythrocytes lose their nuclei, mitochondria and membranous organelles.

46
Q

How long to mature erythrocytes circulate in blood?

A

120 days. they are then phagocyticed by specialized cells in the spleen and liver.

47
Q

Hemolytic anemia

A

can be detected by finding immature erythrocytes in blood stream.

48
Q

antigens

A

cell-surface proteins. Macromolecules that are foreign to the host organism and trigger an immune response.

49
Q

Two major groups of blood cell antigens

A

ABO group and Rh factor

50
Q

Universal blood acceptor

A

AB

51
Q

Universal donor

A

O

52
Q

Rh Factor

A

Can be + or -. particularly important during pregnancy.

53
Q

reythroblastosis fetalis

A

Rh - mother has first pregnancy with Rh + baby who sensitizes her to it. For second pregnancy with Rh+ baby, the anti-Rh antibodies she produces from the first pregnancy can attack the fetal blood cells across the placenta. Drug used to help Rh- mothers is Rogham.

54
Q

Drug used to help rH mothers

A

Rogham

55
Q

Clotting cascade

A

When exposed to collagen of damaged vessel, thromboplastin, with the aid of calcium and vit K, turn prothrombin (inactive) into thrombin (active.) Thrombin then converts fibrinogen into fibrin, which coats the damaged area and traps blood cells to form clot. Fluid left after clotting is called serum

56
Q

Warfarin

A

anticoagulant that inhibits the recycling of vitamin K in the clotting cascade.

57
Q

What does the air passage consist of

A

nose, pharynx (throat), larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli

58
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in respiratory system?

A

across the very thin walls of the alveoli

59
Q

alveoli

A

larger surface area for gas exchange

60
Q

What else is the respiratory system good for?

A

moving oxygenated air across the surfaces and protecting from dehydration, infection, and temperature change. Helps the vocal chords with sound and to balance pH in body.

61
Q

ventilation

A

air inhaled and exhaled. Take in O from atmosphere and eliminate CO2 from body

62
Q

inhalation

A

diaphragm contracts and flattens, external intercostal muscles contract, pushing rib cage and chest wall up and out. phrenic nerve innervates diaphragm. These actions cause the thoracic cavity to increase volume, which reduces the pressure, causing lungs to expand and fill with air

63
Q

exhalation

A

passive. lungs and chest recoil to their original position after inhalation. relax and chest wall pushes inward. decrease in thoracic cavity volume causes the pressure to go up, forcing air out.

64
Q

surfactant

A

protein complex secreted by cells in the lungs. keeps lungs from collapsing by decreasing surface tension in the alveoli. Premies need artificial surfactant

65
Q

What part of the brain controls respiration?

A

medulla oblongata. When pressure of CO2 rises, it stimulates an increase in the rate of ventilation,

66
Q

What are the primary stimulation for respiration?

A

excessive CO2 levels and H levels in blood

67
Q

total lung capacity

A

max volume of air the lungs can hold

68
Q

tidal volume

A

volume of air moved during a normal resting breath

69
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

the amount of air that could be forced in after the tidal volume

70
Q

expiratory reserve

A

the volume of air left in the lungs at the end of tidal volume.

71
Q

Vital capacity

A

the volume of air moved during a maximal inhalation followed by max exhalation.

72
Q

residual volume

A

the volume of air left in the lungs after vital capacity

Biology (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions