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Renal > Presentation of kidney disease > Flashcards

Presentation of kidney disease Flashcards

1
Q

What does painless macroscopic haematuria indicate?

A

IgA nephropathy

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2
Q

What symptoms can uraemia cause?

A

pericarditis; encephalopathy; neuropathy; asterixis; gastritis; N and V; itch; tiredness; loss of appetite and wt loss

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3
Q

What causes anaemia in kidney disease?

A

lack of erythropoeitin

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4
Q

What might a skin rash associated with kidney disease suggest?

A

vasculitis or connective tissue disease

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5
Q

What drugs can cause kidney damage?

A

ACEi; ARB; diuretics; NSAIDS; PPIs; IV contrast; some antibiotics

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6
Q

What antibiotics can cause kidney damage?

A

gentamicin; trimethoprim and penicillins

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7
Q

What are the signs seen on examination related to loss of kidney function?

A

pallor; arrythmia; pericardial rub; riased JVP; lung creps; oedema; gout

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8
Q

When might hypotension be related to kidney disease?

A

If have AKI and are shocked

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9
Q

What is the normal pattern of blood pressure associated with kindey disease?

A

hypertension

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10
Q

What is the ideal BP with kidney disease?

A

<130/80

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11
Q

What is accelerated hypertension defined as?

A

diastolic >120mmHg

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12
Q

What is seen with accelerated HT?

A

papilloedema; end organ deceompensation- ecephalopathy, fits, CF, acute renal filaure

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13
Q

What are the signs of hypertensive retinopathy?

A

papilloema; AV nipping; haemorrhagesl exudates; silver/copper wiring

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14
Q

What does red urine indicate?

A

bleeding from lower UT

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15
Q

What does coca-cola coloured urine indicate?

A

haematuria from the kidneys

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16
Q

What does specific gravity on urinalysis indicate?

A

urine conc.

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17
Q

What pH should urine be?

A

4.5-7

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18
Q

What does alkaline urine indicate?

A

distal renal tubular alkalsosis or UTI

19
Q

What is the normal amount of protein in a 24 hour urine collection?

A

<150mg/24 hours

20
Q

What is asymptomatic low grade proteinuria defined as?

A

<1G/day

21
Q

What is heavy proteinuria defined as?

A

1-3G/day

22
Q

Waht is nephrotic range of proteinuria defined as?

A

> 3G/day

23
Q

What are the 2 types of RBCs seen on urine microscopy?

A

isomorphic and dysmorphic

24
Q

Waht do dysmorphic RBCs indicate?

A

come from glomerular bleeding- have been squeezed through the basmement membraen

25
Q

What are red blood cell casts associated with?

A

glomerulonephritis

26
Q

What are the 4 types of casts?

A

hyaline; RBC; leucocyte; granular

27
Q

When is formation of urinary casts favoured?

A

low urine flow and low pH

28
Q

What may be seen on ECG with a patient with renal disease?

A

LV hypertrophy and strain- very high QRS complexes (should be 4 boxes high)

29
Q

What is seen with hyperkalaemia of ECG?

A

generally slower and wider- peaked T waves

30
Q

What is CKD stage 1?

A

kidney damage eg haematuria or proteinuria with normal or increased GFR (>90)

31
Q

What is CKD stage 2?

A

kidney daamge with mild decrease in GFR- 60-89

32
Q

What is CKD stage 3?

A

moderate decrease in GFR- 30-59

33
Q

Waht is CKD stage 4?

A

svere decrease in GFR- 15-29

34
Q

What is CKD stage 5?

A

kidney failure- GFR<15 or on dialysis

35
Q

When is dialysis ususally began?

A

when GFR is between 7-10 ml/min

36
Q

What is acute kidney injury?

A

decline in GFR over hours/days/weeks

37
Q

What is oliguria defined as?

A

<400ml urine output per day (80kg)—5ml/kg/day

38
Q

What is nephrotic syndrome defined as?

A

proteinuria >3 G/day; hypoalbuminaemia; oedema

39
Q

What additional finding on bloods is also seen with nephrotic syndrome?

A

hypercholesterolaemia

40
Q

Why do patients with nephrotic syndrome get hypercholesterolaemia?

A

lose lipoproteins so cholesterol isnt taken to liver for metabolism

41
Q

What are patients with nephrotic syndrome at increased risk of?

A

thrombosis- loss of hte proteins that prevent clotting

42
Q

What is nephritis synfrom?

A

AKI; oliguria; oedema/fluid retneion; hypertension; active urinary sediment

43
Q

What is active urinary sediment?

A

RBCs; RBC and granular casts; proteinuria

Renal (33 decks)

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