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Renal > Penile and Renal tumours > Flashcards

Penile and Renal tumours Flashcards

1
Q

Whta are the benign renal tumours?

A

renal cysts; oncocytoma; angiomyolipoma

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2
Q

What tumour is found in the renal pelvis?

A

TCC

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3
Q

What is the tumour of renal parenchyma?

A

RCC

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4
Q

What is the embryonic renal tumour?

A

nephroblastoma- Wilm’s tumour

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5
Q

What is a CT used for in renal tumours?

A

staging

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6
Q

What is an MRI used for in renal tumours?

A

to determine whether it is a tmour or a haemorrhage

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7
Q

How are renal cysts diagnosed?

A

usually incidentally on USS

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8
Q

What does hamartoma mean?

A

normal components of kidney tissue but abnomrla compositions- growing in an abnormal manner

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9
Q

What disease is angiomyolipoma associated with?

A

tuberous sclerosis

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10
Q

What is a complication of angiomyolipoma?

A

haemorrhage- wunderlichs syndrome

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11
Q

What is wunderlichs syndrome?

A

spontaneous non-traumatic renal haemorrhage

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12
Q

When is there an increased risk of haemorrhage with angiomyolipoma?

A

when the tumour is greater than 6cm

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13
Q

What is considered the hallmark of AML on CT?

A

negative Hounsfield units- which indicate adipose tissue (<10)

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14
Q

How do oncocytomas appear on CT?

A

central scar

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15
Q

What is the difficulty with diagnosis of oncocytoma?

A

no definitive diagnosis except at nephrectomy

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16
Q

What is the classical triad of RCC?

A

loin pain; renal mass; haematuria

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17
Q

What are the paraneoplastic syndromes seen with RCC?

A

weight loss, anaemia, HT (renin) and hypercalcaemia (PTH); polycythaemia (erythropoeitin)

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18
Q

Who gets RCC?

A

males 2:1; 65-75 year olds

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19
Q

What are the type of cancer is RCC?

A

adenocarcinoma of the proximal convoluted tubule

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20
Q

what are the variants of RCC?

A

clear cell; papillary

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21
Q

What is von hippel-lindau syndrome?

A

autosomal dominant muation of a tumour suppressor gene

22
Q

What are the tumours seen with von hippel-lindau?

A

bilateral renal cysts- which can transform to RCC; retinal and cerebellar haemangioblastoma; phaeochomocytoma

23
Q

When should von hippel-lindau be susoected in a patient with RCC?

A

if they are bilateral and young

24
Q

What is the diagnosis of RCC?

A

triple phase contrast and renal biopsy

25
Q

Where does RCC tend to spread?

A

lungs; liver; bone; brain

26
Q

What is the treatment for RCC?

A

radical nephrectomy; partial nephrectomy; radiofrequency ablation; cryoablation

27
Q

What is the difference in surgical technique between radical and partial nephrectomy?

A

radical- laparoscopic whereas partial is open

28
Q

What is sunitinib?

A

VEGF/PDGF inhibitors- reduce neovascularization

29
Q

In addtion to sunitinib, what other treatments can be given?

A

IL2 and interferon alpha

30
Q

What are the premalignant cutaneous lesions with penile cancer?

A

balanitis xerotica obliterans; leukoplakia

31
Q

What areas of the penis does BXO affect?

A

prepuce; glans; urethral extension

32
Q

What are the signs of BXO?

A

white, patches, fissuring, bleeding and scarring

33
Q

What are the treatments for BXO?

A

circumcision; dilatation of meatus- due to stenosis; glans resurfacing

34
Q

What are the types of SCC in situ?

A

erythroplasia of Queyrat; Bowen’s disease

35
Q

What is the difference between eryhtroplasia of Queyrat and bowens?

A

erythroplasia of Queyrat affects glans, prepuce or shaft of penis whereas Bowen’s affects the remainder of the genitalia

36
Q

What is the treatment for SCC in situ if it just affects the prepuce?

A

circumcision

37
Q

What is the treatment for SCC in situ that affects areas aside from the prepuce?

A

topical 5 fluorouracil

38
Q

How does SCC of the penis present?

A

red raised area on the penis; fungating mass, foul smelling; phimosis

39
Q

How is SCC of penis diagnosed?

A

MRI

40
Q

When is the peak incidence of SCC of penis?

A

80 years

41
Q

What virus is associated with SCC of penis?

A

HPV type 16

42
Q

What is the rteatmnet for penile SCC?

A

total/partial penectomy and reconstruction; inguinal lymph nodes or sentinal biopsy

43
Q

What are hte types of non-seminomatous germ cell tumour?

A

teratoma; embryonal, yolk sac and choriocarcinoma

44
Q

What is the presentation of testicular tumours?

A

painless; insensitive testicular swellign; mets- neck nodes; dyspnoea

45
Q

What is the diagnosis of testicular tumours?

A

USS

46
Q

What imagin is done for staging of a testicular tumour?

A

CXR; CT abdo/thorax

47
Q

What does beta HCG indicate about the tumour?

A

trophoblastic tumour

48
Q

What does AFP indicate about the tumour?

A

not a pure seminoma

49
Q

What does LDH tell you about the tumour?

A

indicates tumour burden- if very increased, likely to have mets

50
Q

What is the treatment for testicular tumours?

A

orchidectomy

51
Q

What is significant about residual lymph nodes masses in testicular tumours?

A

1/3 harbour residual tumour

Renal (33 decks)

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