Pathology 3 Flashcards
What do SCCs prduce?
pink-coloured keratin
What are the 2 types of SCC in-situ found on the penis?
Bowen’s; erythroplasia of Queyrat
How does erythroplasisa of Queyrat appear?
raised velvety plaque on glands/prepuce
What are the risk factors for SCC of penis?
not being circumcised; poor hygeine; HPV infection
How does poor hygiene increase risk of penile cancer?
carcinogens can accumulate
What happens in BNH?
irregular proliferation of both glandular and stromal prostatic tissue
What is the aetiology of BNH?
hormonal imbalance- decreased androgen/oestrogen ratio.
What part of the prostate is affected by BNH and why?
central- peri-urethral gland because it is oestrogen responsive
What is prostatism?
difficulty in starting micturition, poor stream and overflow incontinence- due to incomplete emptying of bladder
What are the complications of BNH?
bladder hypertrophy; diverticulum formation; hydronephrosis and infection
When is the peak incidence for carcinoma of the prostate?
60-80
Where does carcinoma of the prostate arise mainly?
peripheral ducts and glands- posterior lobe
What is the local spread of prostatic carcinoma?
urethral obstruction; capsular penetration, seminal vesciles, blader, rectum
Where does prostatic carcinoma lymphatically spread?
sacral, iliac and lumbar nodes
What type of bone mets does prostatic cancer produce?
osteosclerotic mets
What antigen is raised with prostate carcinoma?
PSA
What is the biggest risk factor for testicular tumours?
testicular maldescent
What are the presenting features of testicular tumours?
painless testicular enlargement, hydrocele, gynaecomastia
What are the 2 types of germ cell testicular tumours?
seminoma and teratomas
What do adenomatoid paratesticular tumours arise from?
tunica vaginalis
What is the commonest GCT?
seminoma
How does a seminoma appear?
potato- solid, homogenous and pale
Who gets seminomas?
30-50
What is the lymphatic spread of the testis?
lumbar
Who gets teratomas?
20-30 years
What is the gross appearnace of teratoma?
solid; cysts; haemorrhage and necrosis- wide variety of tissue types may be seen
What type of teratoma is most malignant?
trophoblastic
What hormone indicates trophoblasitc components?
bHCG
What hormone indicates yolk sac components?
AFP
What hoemonre indicates a seminoma?
PLAP
