Pathology tutorials Flashcards
How may glomerulonephritis present?
haematuria; proteinuria; nephrotic syndrome; nephritic syndrome or chronic renal failure
How is chronic glomerulonephritis characterised?
small, finely scarred, symmetrical kidneys
What type of protein is minimal change glomerulonephritis selective for?
albumin
What is pyelonephritis?
inflammation of the renal pelvis; interstitial tissue and tubules due to infection
What is acute pyelonephritis characterised by?
pus in the tubules and abscess formation
What is chronic pyelonephritis characterised by?
coarse asymmetrical scarring and contraction of the kidneys
What is the main problem in hypertensive kidney disease?
ischaemia and atrophy or nephrons
What causes ischaemia of the nephrons in hypertensive kidney disease?
atheroma obstructing the mouth of the renal artery; interlobular artery shows fibrointimal thickening and lumenal narrowing- main site; arteriolar wall thickening, hyalinisation and lumenal narrowing
what does ischaemia of the nephrons result in?
sclerosis and fibrosis of the glomeruli which then progresses down the nephrons
What is the additional feature of malignant hpertension?
fibrinoid necoriss
What causes the changes in vessel walls in hypertesnion?
increased hydrostatic pressure forcing excess protein int othe walls
What is the most common pathology associated with diabetic nephropathy?
diabetic glomerulosclerosis
What are the 3 different features seen in the diabetic glomerulus?
capillary basement membrane thickening; diffuse glomerulosclerosis and nodular glomerulosclerosis
What is nodular glomerulsclerosis alos known as ?
kimmelstiel-wilson lesions
What causes diabetic nephropathy?
advanced hylcosylation end-products caused by non-enzymatic glyosylation of proteins from chronic hyperglycaemia which trigger an inflammatory response leading to deposition of type 4 collagen and mesangial expression– arterial hyalinisation, thickening of the mesangium and basement membrane
why does nephrotic syndrome develop in diabetic nephropathy?
protein loss thorugh abnormally permeable capillary basement membranes
What is hydronephrosis?
dilation of the renal pelvis
What is long-standing hydronephrosis assocaited with?
renal atrophy and infection
How does RCC typically spread?
invades the renal venous system
What serum marker can be used for seminoma?
PLAP
What is the treatment for seminoma?
radiosensitive
What is the treatment for teratoma?
radioresistant but chemosensitive
What is amyloid associated with?
chrnoci inflammatory conditions such as RA and TB; B cell lymphoma eg myeloma
What staining is characteristic for amyloid?
Congo red stain under polarised light shows apple green birefringence
What does amyloid cause in the kidneys?
nephrotic syndrome
How does seminoma tend to spread?
lymphatically to lumbar nodes
How do the bone mets of prostate carcinoma typically appear?
osteosclerotic
What type of cells undergo hyperplasia in BPH?
both epithelial and stromal cells
What is the pathophysiology of BPH?
testosterone and di-hydroxyteststerone control the growth of prostate cells
What are the drugs used to treat BPH?
5-alpha reductase inhibitors- to prevent conversion of testosterone to its more potent form of di-hydroxytestosterone and alpha-blockers
What area of the prostate does BPH arise from?
transitional zone
