Pathology tutorials Flashcards

1
Q

How may glomerulonephritis present?

A

haematuria; proteinuria; nephrotic syndrome; nephritic syndrome or chronic renal failure

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2
Q

How is chronic glomerulonephritis characterised?

A

small, finely scarred, symmetrical kidneys

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3
Q

What type of protein is minimal change glomerulonephritis selective for?

A

albumin

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4
Q

What is pyelonephritis?

A

inflammation of the renal pelvis; interstitial tissue and tubules due to infection

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5
Q

What is acute pyelonephritis characterised by?

A

pus in the tubules and abscess formation

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6
Q

What is chronic pyelonephritis characterised by?

A

coarse asymmetrical scarring and contraction of the kidneys

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7
Q

What is the main problem in hypertensive kidney disease?

A

ischaemia and atrophy or nephrons

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8
Q

What causes ischaemia of the nephrons in hypertensive kidney disease?

A

atheroma obstructing the mouth of the renal artery; interlobular artery shows fibrointimal thickening and lumenal narrowing- main site; arteriolar wall thickening, hyalinisation and lumenal narrowing

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9
Q

what does ischaemia of the nephrons result in?

A

sclerosis and fibrosis of the glomeruli which then progresses down the nephrons

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10
Q

What is the additional feature of malignant hpertension?

A

fibrinoid necoriss

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11
Q

What causes the changes in vessel walls in hypertesnion?

A

increased hydrostatic pressure forcing excess protein int othe walls

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12
Q

What is the most common pathology associated with diabetic nephropathy?

A

diabetic glomerulosclerosis

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13
Q

What are the 3 different features seen in the diabetic glomerulus?

A

capillary basement membrane thickening; diffuse glomerulosclerosis and nodular glomerulosclerosis

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14
Q

What is nodular glomerulsclerosis alos known as ?

A

kimmelstiel-wilson lesions

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15
Q

What causes diabetic nephropathy?

A

advanced hylcosylation end-products caused by non-enzymatic glyosylation of proteins from chronic hyperglycaemia which trigger an inflammatory response leading to deposition of type 4 collagen and mesangial expression– arterial hyalinisation, thickening of the mesangium and basement membrane

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16
Q

why does nephrotic syndrome develop in diabetic nephropathy?

A

protein loss thorugh abnormally permeable capillary basement membranes

17
Q

What is hydronephrosis?

A

dilation of the renal pelvis

18
Q

What is long-standing hydronephrosis assocaited with?

A

renal atrophy and infection

19
Q

How does RCC typically spread?

A

invades the renal venous system

20
Q

What serum marker can be used for seminoma?

21
Q

What is the treatment for seminoma?

A

radiosensitive

22
Q

What is the treatment for teratoma?

A

radioresistant but chemosensitive

23
Q

What is amyloid associated with?

A

chrnoci inflammatory conditions such as RA and TB; B cell lymphoma eg myeloma

24
Q

What staining is characteristic for amyloid?

A

Congo red stain under polarised light shows apple green birefringence

25
What does amyloid cause in the kidneys?
nephrotic syndrome
26
How does seminoma tend to spread?
lymphatically to lumbar nodes
27
How do the bone mets of prostate carcinoma typically appear?
osteosclerotic
28
What type of cells undergo hyperplasia in BPH?
both epithelial and stromal cells
29
What is the pathophysiology of BPH?
testosterone and di-hydroxyteststerone control the growth of prostate cells
30
What are the drugs used to treat BPH?
5-alpha reductase inhibitors- to prevent conversion of testosterone to its more potent form of di-hydroxytestosterone and alpha-blockers
31
What area of the prostate does BPH arise from?
transitional zone