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Pathology tutorials Flashcards

1
Q

How may glomerulonephritis present?

A

haematuria; proteinuria; nephrotic syndrome; nephritic syndrome or chronic renal failure

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2
Q

How is chronic glomerulonephritis characterised?

A

small, finely scarred, symmetrical kidneys

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3
Q

What type of protein is minimal change glomerulonephritis selective for?

A

albumin

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4
Q

What is pyelonephritis?

A

inflammation of the renal pelvis; interstitial tissue and tubules due to infection

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5
Q

What is acute pyelonephritis characterised by?

A

pus in the tubules and abscess formation

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6
Q

What is chronic pyelonephritis characterised by?

A

coarse asymmetrical scarring and contraction of the kidneys

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7
Q

What is the main problem in hypertensive kidney disease?

A

ischaemia and atrophy or nephrons

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8
Q

What causes ischaemia of the nephrons in hypertensive kidney disease?

A

atheroma obstructing the mouth of the renal artery; interlobular artery shows fibrointimal thickening and lumenal narrowing- main site; arteriolar wall thickening, hyalinisation and lumenal narrowing

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9
Q

what does ischaemia of the nephrons result in?

A

sclerosis and fibrosis of the glomeruli which then progresses down the nephrons

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10
Q

What is the additional feature of malignant hpertension?

A

fibrinoid necoriss

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11
Q

What causes the changes in vessel walls in hypertesnion?

A

increased hydrostatic pressure forcing excess protein int othe walls

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12
Q

What is the most common pathology associated with diabetic nephropathy?

A

diabetic glomerulosclerosis

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13
Q

What are the 3 different features seen in the diabetic glomerulus?

A

capillary basement membrane thickening; diffuse glomerulosclerosis and nodular glomerulosclerosis

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14
Q

What is nodular glomerulsclerosis alos known as ?

A

kimmelstiel-wilson lesions

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15
Q

What causes diabetic nephropathy?

A

advanced hylcosylation end-products caused by non-enzymatic glyosylation of proteins from chronic hyperglycaemia which trigger an inflammatory response leading to deposition of type 4 collagen and mesangial expression– arterial hyalinisation, thickening of the mesangium and basement membrane

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16
Q

why does nephrotic syndrome develop in diabetic nephropathy?

A

protein loss thorugh abnormally permeable capillary basement membranes

17
Q

What is hydronephrosis?

A

dilation of the renal pelvis

18
Q

What is long-standing hydronephrosis assocaited with?

A

renal atrophy and infection

19
Q

How does RCC typically spread?

A

invades the renal venous system

20
Q

What serum marker can be used for seminoma?

A

PLAP

21
Q

What is the treatment for seminoma?

A

radiosensitive

22
Q

What is the treatment for teratoma?

A

radioresistant but chemosensitive

23
Q

What is amyloid associated with?

A

chrnoci inflammatory conditions such as RA and TB; B cell lymphoma eg myeloma

24
Q

What staining is characteristic for amyloid?

A

Congo red stain under polarised light shows apple green birefringence

25
Q

What does amyloid cause in the kidneys?

A

nephrotic syndrome

26
Q

How does seminoma tend to spread?

A

lymphatically to lumbar nodes

27
Q

How do the bone mets of prostate carcinoma typically appear?

A

osteosclerotic

28
Q

What type of cells undergo hyperplasia in BPH?

A

both epithelial and stromal cells

29
Q

What is the pathophysiology of BPH?

A

testosterone and di-hydroxyteststerone control the growth of prostate cells

30
Q

What are the drugs used to treat BPH?

A

5-alpha reductase inhibitors- to prevent conversion of testosterone to its more potent form of di-hydroxytestosterone and alpha-blockers

31
Q

What area of the prostate does BPH arise from?

A

transitional zone

Renal (33 decks)

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