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Renal > Pathology 2 > Flashcards

Pathology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is agenesis?

A

absence of one or both kidneys

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2
Q

What is hypoplasia of the kidneys?

A

small kidneys but normal development

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3
Q

What are horseshoe kidneys?

A

fusion at either pole- usually inferior

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4
Q

What is a duplex kidney?

A

kidney with more than one ureter

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5
Q

What are simple cysts?

A

very common, usually no functional disturbance

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6
Q

What happens in infantile type polycystic?

A

uniform bilateral renal enlargement, elongated cysts with dilatation of medullary collecting ducts; no gross distortion of the kidney

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7
Q

What is the inherintance of infantile polycystic kidneys?

A

autosomal recessive

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8
Q

What are infantile polycystic kidneys associated with?

A

congenital hepatic fibrosis

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9
Q

What is the inheritance of adult polycystic disease?

A

autosomal dominant

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10
Q

When does adult polycystic disease usually present?

A

middle adult life

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11
Q

What does adult polycystic disease present with?

A

abdo mass; haematuria; HT; CRF

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12
Q

What is seen with adult polycystic disease?

A

massive bilateral renal enlargement; mulitple cysts of varying size- distortion of reniform shape

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13
Q

What is adult polycystic disease associated with?

A

cysts in liver, pancreas and lung; Berry aneursysms in circle of willis

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14
Q

What does a berry aneurysm result in?

A

subarachnoid haemorrhage

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15
Q

What ar ethe types of benign renal tumours?

A

fibroma; adenoma; angiomyolipoma; JGCT

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16
Q

Describe fibromas?

A

common white nodules originating from the medulla

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17
Q

Describe adenomas?

A

yellowish nodules <2cm of cortical origin

18
Q

Describe angiomyolipomas?

A

mixture of fat; muscle and blood vessels- can be mulitple and bilateral

19
Q

What disease are angiomyolipomas assocaited with?

A

tuberous sclerosis

20
Q

What does JGCT stand for?

A

juxtaglomerular cell tumour

21
Q

What do JGCTs cause?

A

secondary HT due to production of renin

22
Q

What are the types of malignant renal tumours?

A

nephroblastoma; urothelial carcinomas; renal cell carcinoma

23
Q

What do nephroblastomas arise from?

A

residual primitive renal tissue

24
Q

How do nephroblastomas present?

A

abdominal mass in child

25
Q

Where do renal cell carcinomas arise from?

A

renal tubular epithlium

26
Q

What is the commonest primary renal tumour in adults?

A

renal cell carcinoma

27
Q

How does renal cell carcinoma present?

A

abdo mass; haematuria; flank pain

28
Q

What can be seen on bloods with renal cell carcinoma?

A

polycythaemia; hypercalcaemia (ectopic PTH)

29
Q

Who gets renal cell carcinomas?

A

55-60 years; M:F 2:1

30
Q

How do renal cell carcinomas appear pathologically?

A

large well circumscribed mass in cortex; yellow with solic, cystic, necrotic and haemorrhagic areas

31
Q

What indicates bad prognosis with RCC?

A

renal vein extension- can extend into vena cava to RA

32
Q

How does RCC first spread?

A

blood

33
Q

What is the commonest type of RCC?

A

clear cell type

34
Q

Where is transitional epithlium present in the urine system?

A

pelvicalycael system to urethra

35
Q

What is the commonest bladder tumour?

A

transitional cell carcinoma

36
Q

What is the commonest symptom of TCC?

A

haematuria

37
Q

Where do the majority of TCCs arise?

A

trigone- ureteric obstruction

38
Q

What is the difficulty with TCCs?

A

recurrence is frequent

39
Q

What is the commonest malignent bladder tumour in children?

A

embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma

40
Q

When do squamous carcinomas arise?

A

post calculi (squamous metaplasia)

Renal (33 decks)

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