Anatomy of the upper and lower urinary tracts

Question 1

What is the upper urinary tract?

Answer 1

kidneys and ureters

Question 2

What is the lower urinary tract?

Answer 2

bladder and urethra

Question 3

What parts of the urinary tract are found within the pelvis?

Answer 3

distal ureters; blader and proximal urethra

Question 4

What are the layers anterior to the kidneys from visceral peritoneum to the kidney?

Answer 4

visceral peritnoneum–paranephric fat–renal (deep) fascia–perinephric fat–renal capsule

Question 5

What is found in the renal hilum?

Answer 5

renal artery and vein and ureter

Question 6

What is the most anterior structure of the renal hilum?

Answer 6

renal vein

Question 7

What is the inferior part of the renal hilum?

Answer 7

ureter

Question 8

What is found posterior to the kindeyts?

Answer 8

psoas major and quadratus lumborum and then back muscles

Question 9

What are the muscles of the anterolateral abdo wall?

Answer 9

external oblique; internal oblique and transverse abdominus

Question 10

Why is the right kidney slightly inferior to the left?

Answer 10

because of the liver

Question 11

What vetertebral levels is the right kidney found at

Answer 11

L1-L3

Question 12

What levels is the left kidney foudn at?

Answer 12

T12 - L2

Question 13

Which bony strcutres are found posterior to the kidney?

Answer 13

floating ribs 11 and 12

Question 14

What quadrants are the kidneys found in?

Answer 14

lumbar/flank regions (upper quadrants)

Question 15

Why do the kidneys move on inspiration?

Answer 15

the liver and spleen lie in contact with the diaphragm superior and the kidneys inferiorly

Question 16

What is significant about the hepatorenal recess?

Answer 16

any abnormal fluid will gather here in the supine patient

Question 17

What in the hepatorenal recess found within?

Answer 17

greater sac of the peritoneal cavity

Question 18

What is the difference bewteen the relation of the renal vein and artery and the common iliac vein and artery?

Answer 18

renal veins are anterior renal arteries but the common iliac arteries are anterior to the common iliac veins

Question 19

Where does lymph from the kidneys drain to?

Answer 19

lumbar nodes

Question 20

Where are the lumbar nodes located?

Answer 20

around the abdominal aorta and IVC

Question 21

Where does the abdominal aorta bifurcate?

Answer 21

umbilicus

Question 22

Where does the lymph from the ureters drain to?

Answer 22

lumbar nodes and iliac nodes

Question 23

How can renal artery stenosis be associated with an infra-renal AAA?

Answer 23

both are caused by athersclerosis

Question 24

How can renal artery stenosis be associated with a suprarenal AAA?

Answer 24

occlusion of the proximal renal artery by the aneurysm

Question 25

What are the 2 gross layers of the kidney?

Answer 25

outer cortex and inner medulla

Question 26

How is the medulla arranged?

Answer 26

into renal pyramids

Question 27

What gives the pyramids their striped appearance?

Answer 27

regulary arranged nephrons rnning towards the apex of each pyramid

Question 28

What does the collecting duct drain urine into?

Answer 28

minor calyx

Question 29

What is the passage of filtration from the glomerulus to the collecting duct?

Answer 29

glomerulus--prox. convoluted tubule--loop of Henle--distal concoluted tubule--the collecting duct

Question 30

How does urine from the minor calyx reach the ureter?

Answer 30

minor calyx--major calyx--renal pelvis--ureter

Question 31

What is the first constriction in the passage of urine?

Answer 31

pelviureteric junction

Question 32

What are the 3 sites of ureteric constriction?

Answer 32

pelviureteric junction; ureter corssing the anterior aspect of the common iliac artery; ureteric orifice

Question 33

What type of muscle is found within the walls of the ureter?

Answer 33

smooth muscle

Question 34

What is the urinary tracts response to obstruction?

Answer 34

increased peristalis proximal to the site

Question 35

What is the false pelvis?

Answer 35

from the iliac crests to the pelvic inlet

Question 36

What is the false pelvis a part of?

Answer 36

the abdominal cavity

Question 37

What is the true pelvis?

Answer 37

pelvis inlet to pelvic floor

Question 38

What is the true pelvis also known as?

Answer 38

pelvic cavity

Question 39

What muscle makes up the pelvic floor?

Answer 39

levator ani

Question 40

At what level do the ureters turn medially to enter the bladder?

Answer 40

ischial spine

Question 41

In what direction do the ureters enter the posterior bladder wall?

Answer 41

inferomedial

Question 42

What is the most inferior part of the male peritoneal cavity?

Answer 42

rectovesicle pouch

Question 43

What is the purpose of the roudn ligament of the uterus?

Answer 43

attaches uterus to the perineum via the inguinal canal

Question 44

What ar ethe 2 inferior pouches found inthe female?

Answer 44

vesico-uterine pouch and rectouterine pouch

Question 45

What is the most inferior part of the female peritoneal cavity?

Answer 45

pouch of Douglas (rectouterine pouch

Question 46

What is the relation of the ureter to the uterine tubes and artery?

Answer 46

runs inferiorly (water under the bridge)

Question 47

What is the relation of the ureter to the vas deferens?

Answer 47

runs inferiorly

Question 48

What is the arterial supply to the pevlis ?

Answer 48

internal iliac artery

Question 49

What forms the trigone?

Answer 49

the 2 ureteric orificies and the internal urethral orifice

Question 50

Where are the ureteric orifices found?

Answer 50

the base (post, aspect) of hte bladder

Question 51

where is the internal urethral orifice found?

Answer 51

floor of the bladder

Question 52

What muscles forms the bulk of the bladder wall called?

Answer 52

detrusor muscle

Question 53

How does the detrusor muscle prevent reflux of urine furing bladder contraction?

Answer 53

detrusor fibres encircle the ureteric orifices and tighten during contraction

Question 54

What forms the internal urethral spinchter muscle in males?

Answer 54

detrusor muscle

Question 55

What is hte purpsoe of the internal urthral sphincter?

Answer 55

prevents retrograde ejaculation of semen into the bladder

Question 56

What is the most anterior organ in the pelvis?

Answer 56

bladder

Question 57

How does the body of uterus normally lie in relation to the bladder?

Answer 57

anteflexed position, superior to it

Question 58

What lies inferior the the bladder in males?

Answer 58

prostate gland

Question 59

What are the 2 parts of the urethra in males?

Answer 59

prostatic urethra and spongy urethra

Question 60

What gives the spongy urethra its name?

Answer 60

lies within the corpus spongiosum

Question 61

Where is sperm stored?

Answer 61

epididymis

Question 62

How does sperm reach the spongy urethra from the epididymis?

Answer 62

--vas deferens--superficial ring--deep ring--across pelvic cavity behin bladder--sminal gland--ejaculatory canal--prostatic urethra--spongy urethra

Question 63

What sac do the testis sit within in the scrotum?

Answer 63

tunica vaginalis

Question 64

What is contained within the spermatic cord?

Answer 64

vas deferens; testicular artery and pampiniform plexus

Question 65

What are the testicular arteries a branch of?

Answer 65

abdo aorta

Question 66

What does the right testicular vein drain into?

Answer 66

IVC

Question 67

What does the left testicular vein drain into?

Answer 67

left renal vein

Question 68

Where is the epididymis palpated?

Answer 68

posterior aspect of the superior pole of the testis

Question 69

Where does the vas deferens begin?

Answer 69

at the inferior pole of the testis

Question 70

What are the 3 openings in the prostatic urethra?

Answer 70

prostatic ducts and opening of ejaculatory duct

Question 71

What is the inferior aspect of the prostatic urethra in contact with?

Answer 71

levator ani

Question 72

What are the 2 zones of the prostate gland?

Answer 72

peripheral and central (internal)

Question 73

Where do most prostatic cancers arise?

Answer 73

peripheral zone

Question 74

What transmits the deep arteries of the penis?

Answer 74

corpus cavernosum

Question 75

What forms the glans?

Answer 75

corpus spongiosum

Question 76

What is the blood supply to the penis?

Answer 76

deep arteries of hte penis from the internal pudendal artery (internal iliac)

Question 77

What is the blood supply to the scrotum?

Answer 77

internal pudendal and external iliac

Question 78

Where does lymph from the scrotum and most of the penis drian?

Answer 78

superficial inguinal nodes

Question 79

Where does lumph from the testis drain to?

Answer 79

lumbar nodes