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Med310A > Pregnancy And Paturition > Flashcards

Pregnancy And Paturition Flashcards

1
Q

The endometrium is maintained in the secretory phase by ___ and ___ secreted by the corpus luteum following ovulation

A

Estrogen
Progesterone

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2
Q

The endometrium is maintained in the secretory phase by estrogen and progesterone secreted by the ______following ovulation

A

Corpus luteum

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3
Q

The endometrium is maintained in the secretory phase by estrogen and progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum following ______

A

Ovulation

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4
Q

Mitosis of of zygote begins when zygote is retained in the ____

A

Oviduct/ Fallopian tube

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5
Q

The_______ is the form the early embryo takes BEFORE implanting into the endometrium

A

Blastocyst

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6
Q

The last step before the embryo can attach to the endometrium is called ______ where the blastocyst breaks out of the zone pellucida

A

Hatching

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7
Q

The last step before the embryo can attach to the endometrium is called hatching where the blastocyst breaks out of the ______

A

Zone pellucida

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8
Q

Uterine _____ takes place about 6-7 days following fertilization

A

Implantation

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9
Q

A _________ is when an embryo implants anywhere besides the uterus and therefore cannot be carried to term

A

Ectopic pregnancy

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10
Q

The trophoblast layer enzymatically invades the endometrium to release ____ and begins the process of ____ development

A

Nutrients
Placenta

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11
Q

The __________ layer enzymatically invades the endometrium(decidua) to release nutrients and begins the process of placenta development

A

Trophoblast

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12
Q

The trophoblast cells secrete a hormone _____, known as the pregnancy hormone at high concentration

A

HCG
HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN

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13
Q

____ is secreted in the urine = basis for the early pregnancy test

A

HCG
Human chorionic gonadotropin

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14
Q

HCG. Production is necessary to prevent _____ and to support early stages of ______

A

Menstruation
Pregnancy

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15
Q

____ production is necessary to prevent menstruation and to support the early stages of pregnancy

A

HCG

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16
Q

____ sustains hormone production of the corpus luteum before fetus and placenta take over estrogen and progesterone production

A

HCG

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17
Q

HCG binds to __ receptors of the ____ cells in embryonic testis to stimulate testosterone production

A

LH
Leydig

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18
Q

HCG binds to LH receptors of the leydig cells in embryonic testis to stimulate______ production

A

testosterone

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19
Q

The human gestation period is __ weeks

A

38

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20
Q

Organ systems and human form are established by ___ weeks of development (embryo to fetal)

A

8

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21
Q

The human fetus develops within the _____

A

Amniotic sac

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22
Q

The ____ is a fetal membrane developed form extra embryonic tissues

A

Amnion

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23
Q

The amnion grows with the fetus eventually filling the _____

A

Uterine cavity

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24
Q

The amnion is filled with ______

A

Amniotic fluid

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25
Q

The amnion is filled with amniotic fluid and is ___ and ____ by the fetus

A

Swallowed and urinated

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26
Q

_____ in the amnion is swallowed and urinated by the fetus

A

Amniotic fluid

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27
Q

How does the amnion support the fetus ?

A

Buoyancy
Protect against infection
Temperature control

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28
Q

The ______ contains blood vessels that transport blood between fetus and placenta

A

Umbilical cord

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29
Q

The umbilical contains _____ that transport blood between fetus and placenta

A

Blood vessels

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30
Q

The umbilical cord contains blood vessels that transport ___ between fetus and placenta

A

Blood

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31
Q

________ carries oxygenated blog and nutrients from placenta to fetus

A

Umbilical vein

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32
Q

_____ carry deoxygenated blood and waste products from fetus to placenta

A

Umbilical arteries

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33
Q

How many :
Umbilical veins?
Umbilical arteries ?

A

1
2

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34
Q

The nature _____ supports gas, nutrient and waste exchange between fetal and maternal blood

35
Q

Outside of the amnion is the _____; which has moth and follows surfaces

A

Chorionic membrane

36
Q

The chorionic membrane has many many villi clusters called _____

A

Cotyledons

37
Q

______ of the placenta provide a massive surface area for metabolic exchange

A

Chorionic villi

38
Q

Chorionic villi are efficient for ____

A

Metabolic exchange

39
Q

What structure is important for anchoring the placenta to the uterine lining

A

Chorionic villi

40
Q

What is exchanged at the placenta ?

A

Waste removal
Oxygen in CO2 out
Nutrient delivery

41
Q

Functions of the placenta (non exchange)

A

Hormone production
Anchorage
Immunity

42
Q

This hormone stimulates growth of the myometrium increasing uterine strength for parturition , helps prepare mammary glands for lactation

43
Q

This hormone suppresses uterine contraction to provide quiet environment for fetus

A

Progesterone

44
Q

this hormone maintains the corpus luteum of pregnancy , stimulates secretion of testosterone by developing testes in XY embryos

45
Q

This hormone softens cervix in preparation for cervical dilation at parturition

46
Q

The placenta produces ____ directly and ___ indirectly from the fetal androgens (DHEA)

A

Progesterone Estrogen

47
Q

The placenta itself can convert _____ into progesterone but lacks some of the enzymes necessary to convert that into estrogen

A

Cholesterol

48
Q

The placenta can convert ___ derived from cholesterol in fetal adrenal cortex not estrogen when it reaches the placenta by means of fetal blood

49
Q

High concentration of ____ and ____ maintain pregnancy and support fetus

A

Estrogen and progesterone

50
Q

_______
- stimulates growth of the myometrium, the muscular layer of the uterus that will contract to deliver the fetus
- promotes duct development in the breasts to support lactation after baby is born

51
Q

_______
- prevents premature myometrium, contraction
- promotes mucous plug at cervix to exclude contaminants
- stimulates development of the milk producing glands of breast

A

Progesterone

52
Q

Maternal changes with pregnancy :
_____ enlargement coordinated with fetal growth

53
Q

Maternal changes with pregnancy :
Breast prepare for milk production ; ___ and ____ growth

A

Duct and gland

54
Q

Maternal changes with pregnancy :
Blood ____ increased by 30% while blood ____ is reduced

A

Volume
Pressure

55
Q

Maternal changes with pregnancy :
respiratory activity ____ by 20%

56
Q

Maternal changes with pregnancy :
___ outout increases to manage excretion of maternal/fetal wastes

57
Q

Maternal changes with pregnancy :
Metabolic changes to shunt ____ and ___ to developing fetus

A

Glucose and fatty acids

58
Q

______= the process of delivering a baby and the placenta

A

Parturition

59
Q

The body prepares for parturition in the late stages of _____

60
Q

What happens for the body to prepare for parturition in late stages of gestation ?(3)

A
  • milked contractions
    -relaxin for cervix to soften
  • fetus shifts down
61
Q

Prior to birth the baby drops towards the cervix (also called _____)

A

Lightening

62
Q

_____________= myometrium responsiveness (contractions and greater number of oxytocin receptors) along with cervical softening

A

Coordinated fetal preparedness

63
Q

_______ = high CRH , high estrogen, inflammatory response

A

Onset Triggers

64
Q

_______ for precession to delivery= uterine contractions leading to cervical stretch and increased oxytocin secretion plus prostaglandin secretion

A

Positive feedback

65
Q

Describe coordinated fetal preparedness for parturition

A

Contractions and increase number of oxytocin receptors and cervical softening

66
Q

Describe onset triggers for parturition

A

High CRH and estrogen
Inflammatory response

67
Q

Describe positive feedback look for progression to delivery

A

Uterine contractions = cervical stretch = increased oxytocin +prostaglandin secretion

68
Q

What happens to estrogen and progesterone when delivery of baby occurs ?

A

Both concentrations decline rapidly

69
Q

What are The 3 stages of labour

A
  1. Cervical dilation
  2. Delivery of baby
  3. Delivery of placenta
70
Q

Over several weeks following birth the uterus will shrink to pre-pregnancy size, a process called ______

A

Uterine involution

71
Q

Why does uterine involution take place ?

A

Estrogen and progesterone drop rapidly

72
Q

What causes certain mothers over others to have a more rapid involution process and why

A

Breast feed ; oxytocin release helps contract myometrium,

73
Q

Mother that breastfeed have a more rapid _____ process since ____ release through breastfeeding cycles help contract the myometrium

A

Involution
Oxytocin

74
Q

Average Canadian rate of pre term birth is __ %

75
Q

____ twins are always the same genetic sex

76
Q

_____ twins can be the same genetic sex or different

77
Q

Dizygotic twinning is the same as ____ twinning

78
Q

Monozygotic twinning is the same as _____ twinning

79
Q

2 oocytes fertilized by 2 spermatozoa and the 2 blastocysts implant separately, each fetus has its own amnion and chorion (placenta) this is known as ______

A

Fraternal twinning

80
Q

_____ twinning can occur by early, middle, late or very late embryo division

A

Monozygotic

81
Q

Monozygotic twinning when 2 blastocysts implant (dichorionic/diamiotic membranes ) is known as _____ embryo division

82
Q

Monozygotic twinning when 1 pre-implantation blastocyst and 2 ICM’s implant (monochorionic/diamiotic membranes ) is known as _____ embryo division

83
Q

Monozygotic twinning when post-implantation split of ICM implant (monochorionic/monoamiotic membranes ) is known as _____ embryo division

84
Q

Monozygotic twinning when ICM’s may not split (monochorionic/monoamiotic membranes ) produces _____

A

Conjoined twins

Med310A (29 decks)

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