Conception Flashcards
What are the 4 steps to the sexual response cycle ?
Excitement
Plateau
Orgasm
Resolution
What phase of sexual response cycle :
heightened sexual awareness/arousal and blood flow to erectile tissues; vaginal and bartholins gland secretions lubricate the female; male scrotum tightens and male secretes a lubricating fluid
Excitement
What phase of sexual response cycle :
Intensification of excitement phase responses , plus body responses
Plateau
What phase of sexual response cycle :
Male ejaculates semen; feeling of intense pleasure for sexual partners; females may go under multiple in succession
Orgasm
What phase of sexual response cycle :
Genitalia and body systems return to pre-arousal state; general feeling of relaxation ; refractory period for males to repeat the cycle
Resolution
______ is the hardening of the normally flaccid penis to permit its entry into the vagina
Erection
Ejaculation :
___ phase: emptying of stern and accessory sex gland secretions into the urethra
Emission
Ejaculation:
___ phase : forceful expulsion of semen from the penis
Expulsion
Is reaction a spinal reflex ?
Yes
Spinal reflex ice dilation of the penile articles ; non adrenergic neurons release ____ to relax the arterioles and blood enters the erect tissue
Nitric oxide
Erection:
Cavernous all arteries _____; engorging corporal tissue with blood
Dilate
Erection:
Engorging causes corporal tissue to ____ erecting the penis
Swell
Erection:
Engorged corporal tissue compresses penile ___ and venues, maintaining erection
Veins
Venous compression is another word for ___
Vasocongestion
Venous congestion occurs in the vascular component of an erection to ______
Trap blood, enhance erection
Corpus _______;
- open system
- High flow
- low pressure
- does not impinge on urethra
Spongiosum
Corpus _____
- closed system
- outflow obstructed
- low flow
- high pressure
Cavernosum
The corpus spongiosum surrounds the ____
Urethra
Erection and ejaculation are mediated by ___ reflexes
Spinal
____ at the bladder neck of penis contracts to prevent retrograde ejaculation and to prevent urine from being mixed with semen
Sphincter
The sphincter at the bladder neck of penis contracts to prevent :
1. _____
2. ____
Retrograde ejaculation
Urine mixing with semen
Ejaculation (emission) :
Sympathetic control leads to sequential contractions of smooth muscles of the reproductive tract and accessory glands to deliver the following into the _______
Posterior urethra
Ejaculation (emission) :
1. _____ delivers fluid
2. Epididymis and vas deferens deliver ______
3. _____ delivers fluid ( all combined = ______)
Prostate gland
Spermatozoa
Seminal vesicles
Semen
Ejaculation (expulsion) :
Urethra filling with semen trigger ____ impulses that activate skeletal muscles at the base of the penis
Nerve
Ejaculation (expulsion) :
Rhythmic contractions increase the system pressure, leading to forcible expulsion of semen outside of the body via the ____
Urethra
Ejaculation (expulsion) :
Average semen column depends on _____ period ;
___-___ mL of semen, many million of ___ per mL
Abstinence
1.5-6
Sperm
Ejaculation (expulsion) :
If male ejaculation occurs during sexual intercourse with female that have recently ovulated , oocyte fertilization by a single spermatozoan and pairing of the haploid genomes to form a diploid zygote is the moment of _____
Conception
The ___ is the site of fertilization ; must occur within ___hours of ovulation
Oviduct / Fallopian tube
24
In the female: semen is temporarily ____ to remain in the vagina and then liquifies to release the ___
Clotted
Sperm
Fertilization :
Spermatozoa undergo an enhanced maturation process called ________ in the female reproductive tract ; they exhibit hyper-motility and become competent to fertilize n ovum
Capacitation
Fertilization :
Spermatozoa are also propelled to the oviduct by _____ of the female reproductive tract
Contractions
Do many or few spermatozoa reach the ovum ?
Few
Physical binding of sperm head with zone pellucida (ZP) leads to the ______ reaction and across all enzymes are released to drill through the ZP
Acrosome
What kind of structures are released to drill through the zone pellucida of ovum ?
Acrosomal enzymes
One spermatozoan is successful at penetrating ovum and fuses its plasma membrane with the oocyte membrane ; spermatozoa ____ is released into the cytoplasm
Nucleus
Sperm fusion with oocyte triggers ____ signalling cascade in the oocyte cytoplasm
Ca2+
Sperm fusion triggers Ca2+ signalling cascade in oocyte cytoplasm :
1. Triggers completion of ___
2. Releases ______ into space between membrane and ZP, inactivates ZP binding proteins
M2
Cortical granules
Within an hour , the oocyte and spermatozoa nuclei fuse to form a ____ _____= conception
Diploid zygote
Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) :
____________
1. collection of ovulated oocytes and semen
2. Fertilization in lab
3. Monitor and implant in uterus
In vitro fertilization
Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) :
____________
- direct injection of spermatozoan nucleus into isolate M2 oocyte
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
Describe in vitro fertilization
- collection of ovulated oocytes and semen
- Fertilization in lab
- Monitor and implant in uterus
Describe intracytoplasmic sperm injection
Direct injection of spermatozoan into oocyte in m2
