Lecture 6: Central Nervous System 2 Flashcards by Becca Hodder

____ consists of several nuclei located deep within the cerebral white matter

Basal ganglia

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____ is associated with a variety of function including motor control cognition , emotions and learning

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_____ is associated with functions such as inhibiting muscle tone throughout the body- balance of excitatory and inhibitory inputs to neurons that innervate skeletal muscles

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The basal ganglia selects and maintains purposeful _____ while suppressing unwanted pattens of movement
Coordinated slow, sustained ___ especially those related to posture and support

Motor activity
Contractions

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______ disease
-caused by the degeneration of dopamine rigid neurons in substantial migration in the midbrain which synapse onto neuron’s in the basal ganglia
-The circuit is important for smooth movement

Parkinson’s

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The loss of dopamine results in the characteristic features of Parkinson’s disease :
1 _____
2_____
3_____

Increased muscle tone-rigidity
Tremors
Difficulty initiating and carrying out movement

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______ disease
- cased by degeneration of the caudate nucleus
- this loss causes some motor circuits to become overactive resulting in the characteristic features of this disease :
1. Chorea-rapid uncontrolled jerky movements
2. Memory problems

Huntingtons

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The ___ is deep in the brain nea the basal ganglia
-serves as “relay station” and synaptic integrating centre for sensory input
- helps direct attention to stimuli of interest
- capable of crude awareness of sensations but cannot distinguish their location or intensity

Thalamus

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The ___ is the integrating centre for homeostatic functions .
Brain area most involved in directly regulating internal environment
-Controls body temp+ food intake
- controls thirst and urine output
- controls anterior pituitary hormone secretion
- produces posterior pituitary hormones

Hypothalamus

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_________
5 functions :
1. Majority of cranial nerves arise in this area
2. Contains centres that control cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive function
3. Regulates postural muscle reflexes
4. RAS controls the overall degree of cortical alertness
5. Plays a role in sleep-wake cycle

Brain stem

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______ associated with functions:
- optic
- olfactory
-oculomotor and trochlear
- facial
-vestibulocochlear
‘-glossopharyngeal

Cranial nerves

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________
- important in integration of Moro to output and sensory perception
- important in balance and planning of movement
Three functionally distinct parts:
1. ________
2.________
3._______

Cerebellum
Vestibullocerebellum
Spinocerebellum
Cerebrocerebellum

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Parts of Cerebellum :
1. ______ - balance and eye movement
2. ______- enhances muscle tone and coordinates skilled movements
3. _____- plans and initiates voluntary activity and stores procedural memories

Vestibulocerebellum
Spinocerebellum
Cerebrocerebellum

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Brain networks :
- the ____ activating system
- the ___ system

Reticular
Limbic

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__________
-Behavioural state system - diffuse modulators system
-Neurons originate in this network and project to various areas in the brain
- influences attention, motivation, wakefulness, memory, motor control, mood, and metabolic homeostasis
- controls levels of consciousness and sleep-wake cycles
- controls overall degree oof cortical alertness

Reticular activating system

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Reticular activating system :

-__________ state system - diffuse modulators system
-Neurons originate in this network and project to various areas in the brain
- influences attention, motivation, wakefulness, memory, motor control, mood, and metabolic homeostasis
- controls levels of ________ and sleep-wake cycles
- controls overall degree of _____ alertness

Behavioural
Consciousness
Cortical

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____________ depress synaptic transmission in the reticular formation
Blocking ascending pathways between the reticular formation and the ____________ creates a state of unconsciousness

General anaesthetics
Cerebral cortex

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_________ system surrounds the brain stem and is not a separate structure
- complex interacting network is associated with emotions, basic survival, sociosexual behaviour , motivation and learning
- it is an interconnected ring of forebrain structures
- includes portions of cerebral lobes, the basal nuclei, thalamus and hypothalamus
- utilizes neurotransmitters norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin
- depression is associated with defects in this systems neurotransmitters

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The Limbic system is a interconnected ring of ______ structures

Forebrain

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_____ is associated with defects in Limbic system neurotransmitters

Depression

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Limbic system functions:
- _____: subjective feelings/moods and the physical responses associated with these feelings
- _____: aimed at survival and perpetuation of the species
-______: directing behaviour toward goals
-_______: acquiring knowledge or skills as a result of experience and/or instruction
-_____: storage of acquired knowledge for later use

Emotion
Behavioural patterns
Motivation
Learning
Memory

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Cortical structures of Limbic system
-_____
-_____
-_____

Medial prefrontal cortex
Cingulate cortex
Medial temporal lobes

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Which cortical structure of the Limbic structure ?
______ - executive function: decision making, control of emotion and impulses

Medial prefrontal cortex

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Which cortical structure of the Limbic structure ?
______- motivation , drive, mood:
Decreased activity correlates with depression

Cingulate

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Which cortical structure of the Limbic structure ? ______- episodic memory formation of recent event sequences

Medial temporal lobes

Decrease activity in What cortical structure of the limbic structure is correlated with depression ?

Cingulate

Medial prefrontal cortex Cingulate cortex Medial temporal lobes Which type of structures do these belong to in the limbic system ?

Cortical structures

______ stuctures of the limbic system include: - hippocampus - hypothalamus -amygdala

Subcortical

Subcortical structures of limbic system : 1____ 2____ 3____

Hippocampus Hypothalamus Amygdala

Subcortical structures of limbic system _____-(within medial temporal lobes) episodic memory formation, context and location _____- homeostasis and basic drives: food, water, sex, aggression ______- involved in fear and affective learning - activation causes anxiety

Hippocampus Hypothalamus Amygdala

Which Subcortical structure of limbic system is within the medial temporal lobe ?

Hippocampus

_____ is the acquisition of knowledge or skills as a consequence of experience, instruction or both

Learning

It is widely believed that rewards and punishments are integral parts of many types of ______

Learning

_____ is the storage of acquired knowledge for later recall

Memory

Memory is the storage of acquired knowledge for later recall: _____: seconds to hours _____: days to years _____: temporarily holds and interrelates various pieces of information relevant to a current mental task

Short term Long term Working memory

A _______ is a neural change responsible for retention or storage of knowledge. These traces are present across multiple regions of the brain

Memory trace

________memory - important for remembering facts and events- involved hippocampus

Declarative memory

(“What” memories of people, places etc)

Declarative

____ memory : the leading of new motor skills - involves cerebellum

Procedural

(“How to “ memories)

Procedural memories

Procedural memory involves which brain structure ?

Cerebellum

Consolidation of short-term declarative memory into long-term memory is the function of the _______, occurs largely during sleep

Medial temporal lobe

Consolidation of short-term declarative memory into long term memory requires _____ leading to protein synthesis and synaptic changes

Gene activation

____ - term memory : involves transient changes in synaptic activity

Short

____ -term memory: involves formation of new. Permanent synaptic connections

Long

_______- decreased responsiveness to a receptive and indifferent stimulus _______- increased responsiveness to mild stimuli following a noxious stimuli Both involve changes in ______ and ____

Habituation Sensitization Ion channels, currents

_________ is important for initial storage into long term memory

Long term potentiation (LTP)

Concept that _____ temporarily holds and interrelates various pieces of information that are relevant to a current mental task

Working memory

_____ memory is critical for ability to reason, plan and make judgements Takes place within ______

Working Prefrontal cortex

______ disease : -Characterized by short-term memory loss in early stages -followed eventually by loss of long-term memory - confusion, disorientation, personality changes -loss of ability to read, write, calculate - language ability and speech also impaired Brain alterations :______ and _______

Alzheimer’s Neurofibrillary tangles , amyloid plaques

Characteristic los of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain- cells that project to to____

Hippocampus

________ neurons: neurons that use acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter

Cholinergic

______ is localized in one hemisphere - left hemisphere (95^ of right handlers , 60%-70% of left handers)

Language

______ area : speaking ability - damage results in an inability to send the proper commands to the motor cortex to form the words.

Broca’s

_____ area: language comprehension - damage results in an inability to attach meaning to words or choose the appropriate words

Wernicke’s

Language disorders : ______- is a defect in language processing caused by dysfunction of the dominant cerebral hemisphere ____- defects in mechanical aspect of speech ____- difficulty in learning to read because of inappropriate interpretation of words. Due to developmental abnormalities in connections between the visual and language area of the cortex

Aphasia Speech impediments Dyslexia

Which language disorder is Due to developmental abnormalities in connections between the visual and language area of the cortex

Dyslexia

Electrical activity patterns define ___ states

Arousal

Electrical activity in neurons can be measured by ____

EEG’S

EEG’S: Surface electrodes placed on the scalp can detect ______ of the cortical neurons in the region under the electrode

Depolarizations

Depolarizations of the cortical neurons represents _____________ and _________ in cell bodies of the cortical layers

Excitatory post synaptic potentials (EPSP) and inhibitory post synaptic potentials (IPSP)

In wake states - neurons are firing but not always in a coordinated fashion This desynchronization may be a result of ascending signals coming from the _________

Reticular activating system RAS

EEG is often used as a clinical tool in diagnosis of _____ dysfunction

Cerebral

____- shows distinctively abnormal traces on EEG. - seizures occur when collections of neurons undergo synchronous action potential that produce stereotypical, involuntary spasms and alterations in behaviour - neuronal excitability coupled with comprised inhibitory activity or prolonged activation of excitatory transmitters

Epilepsy

__________ - electro cerebral silence - flat EEG -needs to be coupled with other stringent criteria

Legal determination of death

EEG is also used to distinguish various stages of ____

Sleep

The ____ rhythm in the EEG is 8-13 Hz: index of cortical activity. - present in adult who is awake but relaxed with eyes closed - amplitude is negatively correlated with cortical activity

Alpha

_____ rhythm in the EEG is 13-30 Hz: decreased synchronization with cortical activity - individuals who are alert and attentive to external stimuli or exert specific mental effort

Beta

States of consciousness include 1___ 2____ 3____

Maximum alertness, wakefulness, sleep

_______ depends on sensory input that stimulates the RAS and subsequently the activity levels of the CNS as a whole

Maximum alertness

________: normal cyclic variation in awareness

Sleep-wake cycle

Sleep is an ___ process. Brains overall activity is not reduced during sleep

Active

2 types of sale characterized by different EEG patterns and different behaviours: -_______sleep : delta -wave , non rapid eye movementn NREM -_____sleep : rapid eye movement , REM

Slow-wave sleep Paradoxical

Slow wave sleep occurs in 4 stages- each displaying a ____ frequency but ____ amplitude EEG wave

Lower, higher

At onset of sleep upon move through the stages from _______ sleep (1) to ___ sleep (4) in a 35-45 min period Ten i reveres through the same stages in the same amount of time

Light , deep

A short period of ____ sleep occurs at the end of each slow-wave cycle

REM

Sleep stages : Stage ___: drowsiness and drifting in and out of consciousness

Sleepers move through stages 2-3-4 and then back through the stages, rather than returning to stage 1 sleepers enter ___ sleep It is a ___minute cycle

REM 90

Time in ____ stage increases whereas Tim win stages ___ and ___ decreases over the cycles

REM 3 and 4

Main functions of sleep include : 1.__ - defence from predation 2.__- healing, growth, immune function 3.___ - underlie consolidation of long-term memory in cortex

Conservation of energy Restorative function for brain/body Cerebral changes