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Med310A > Lecture 6: Central Nervous System 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Central Nervous System 2 Flashcards

1
Q

____ consists of several nuclei located deep within the cerebral white matter

A

Basal ganglia

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2
Q

____ is associated with a variety of function including motor control cognition , emotions and learning

A
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3
Q

_____ is associated with functions such as inhibiting muscle tone throughout the body- balance of excitatory and inhibitory inputs to neurons that innervate skeletal muscles

A
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4
Q

The basal ganglia selects and maintains purposeful _____ while suppressing unwanted pattens of movement
Coordinated slow, sustained ___ especially those related to posture and support

A

Motor activity
Contractions

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5
Q

______ disease
-caused by the degeneration of dopamine rigid neurons in substantial migration in the midbrain which synapse onto neuron’s in the basal ganglia
-The circuit is important for smooth movement

A

Parkinson’s

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6
Q

The loss of dopamine results in the characteristic features of Parkinson’s disease :
1 _____
2_____
3_____

A

Increased muscle tone-rigidity
Tremors
Difficulty initiating and carrying out movement

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7
Q

______ disease
- cased by degeneration of the caudate nucleus
- this loss causes some motor circuits to become overactive resulting in the characteristic features of this disease :
1. Chorea-rapid uncontrolled jerky movements
2. Memory problems

A

Huntingtons

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8
Q

The ___ is deep in the brain nea the basal ganglia
-serves as “relay station” and synaptic integrating centre for sensory input
- helps direct attention to stimuli of interest
- capable of crude awareness of sensations but cannot distinguish their location or intensity

A

Thalamus

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9
Q

The ___ is the integrating centre for homeostatic functions .
Brain area most involved in directly regulating internal environment
-Controls body temp+ food intake
- controls thirst and urine output
- controls anterior pituitary hormone secretion
- produces posterior pituitary hormones

A

Hypothalamus

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10
Q

_________
5 functions :
1. Majority of cranial nerves arise in this area
2. Contains centres that control cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive function
3. Regulates postural muscle reflexes
4. RAS controls the overall degree of cortical alertness
5. Plays a role in sleep-wake cycle

A

Brain stem

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11
Q

______ associated with functions:
- optic
- olfactory
-oculomotor and trochlear
- facial
-vestibulocochlear
‘-glossopharyngeal

A

Cranial nerves

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12
Q

________
- important in integration of Moro to output and sensory perception
- important in balance and planning of movement
Three functionally distinct parts:
1. ________
2.________
3._______

A

Cerebellum
Vestibullocerebellum
Spinocerebellum
Cerebrocerebellum

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13
Q

Parts of Cerebellum :
1. ______ - balance and eye movement
2. ______- enhances muscle tone and coordinates skilled movements
3. _____- plans and initiates voluntary activity and stores procedural memories

A

Vestibulocerebellum
Spinocerebellum
Cerebrocerebellum

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14
Q

Brain networks :
- the ____ activating system
- the ___ system

A

Reticular
Limbic

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15
Q

__________
-Behavioural state system - diffuse modulators system
-Neurons originate in this network and project to various areas in the brain
- influences attention, motivation, wakefulness, memory, motor control, mood, and metabolic homeostasis
- controls levels of consciousness and sleep-wake cycles
- controls overall degree oof cortical alertness

A

Reticular activating system

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16
Q

Reticular activating system :

-__________ state system - diffuse modulators system
-Neurons originate in this network and project to various areas in the brain
- influences attention, motivation, wakefulness, memory, motor control, mood, and metabolic homeostasis
- controls levels of ________ and sleep-wake cycles
- controls overall degree of _____ alertness

A

Behavioural
Consciousness
Cortical

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17
Q

____________ depress synaptic transmission in the reticular formation
Blocking ascending pathways between the reticular formation and the ____________ creates a state of unconsciousness

A

General anaesthetics
Cerebral cortex

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18
Q

_________ system surrounds the brain stem and is not a separate structure
- complex interacting network is associated with emotions, basic survival, sociosexual behaviour , motivation and learning
- it is an interconnected ring of forebrain structures
- includes portions of cerebral lobes, the basal nuclei, thalamus and hypothalamus
- utilizes neurotransmitters norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin
- depression is associated with defects in this systems neurotransmitters

A
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19
Q

The Limbic system is a interconnected ring of ______ structures

A

Forebrain

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20
Q

_____ is associated with defects in Limbic system neurotransmitters

A

Depression

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21
Q

Limbic system functions:
- _____: subjective feelings/moods and the physical responses associated with these feelings
- _____: aimed at survival and perpetuation of the species
-______: directing behaviour toward goals
-_______: acquiring knowledge or skills as a result of experience and/or instruction
-_____: storage of acquired knowledge for later use

A

Emotion
Behavioural patterns
Motivation
Learning
Memory

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22
Q

Cortical structures of Limbic system
-_____
-_____
-_____

A

Medial prefrontal cortex
Cingulate cortex
Medial temporal lobes

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23
Q

Which cortical structure of the Limbic structure ?
______ - executive function: decision making, control of emotion and impulses

A

Medial prefrontal cortex

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24
Q

Which cortical structure of the Limbic structure ?
______- motivation , drive, mood:
Decreased activity correlates with depression

A

Cingulate

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25
Q

Which cortical structure of the Limbic structure ?
______- episodic memory formation of recent event sequences

A

Medial temporal lobes

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26
Q

Decrease activity in What cortical structure of the limbic structure is correlated with depression ?

A

Cingulate

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27
Q

Medial prefrontal cortex
Cingulate cortex
Medial temporal lobes
Which type of structures do these belong to in the limbic system ?

A

Cortical structures

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28
Q

______ stuctures of the limbic system include:
- hippocampus
- hypothalamus
-amygdala

A

Subcortical

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29
Q

Subcortical structures of limbic system :
1____
2____
3____

A

Hippocampus
Hypothalamus
Amygdala

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30
Q

Subcortical structures of limbic system
_____-(within medial temporal lobes)
episodic memory formation, context and location
_____- homeostasis and basic drives: food, water, sex, aggression
______- involved in fear and affective learning
- activation causes anxiety

A

Hippocampus
Hypothalamus
Amygdala

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31
Q

Which Subcortical structure of limbic system is within the medial temporal lobe ?

A

Hippocampus

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32
Q

_____ is the acquisition of knowledge or skills as a consequence of experience, instruction or both

A

Learning

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33
Q

It is widely believed that rewards and punishments are integral parts of many types of ______

A

Learning

34
Q

_____ is the storage of acquired knowledge for later recall

A

Memory

35
Q

Memory is the storage of acquired knowledge for later recall:
_____: seconds to hours
_____: days to years
_____: temporarily holds and interrelates various pieces of information relevant to a current mental task

A

Short term
Long term
Working memory

36
Q

A _______ is a neural change responsible for retention or storage of knowledge. These traces are present across multiple regions of the brain

A

Memory trace

37
Q

________memory - important for remembering facts and events- involved hippocampus

A

Declarative memory

38
Q

(“What” memories of people, places etc)

A

Declarative

39
Q

____ memory : the leading of new motor skills - involves cerebellum

A

Procedural

40
Q

(“How to “ memories)

A

Procedural memories

41
Q

Procedural memory involves which brain structure ?

A

Cerebellum

42
Q

Consolidation of short-term declarative memory into long-term memory is the function of the _______, occurs largely during sleep

A

Medial temporal lobe

43
Q

Consolidation of short-term declarative memory into long term memory requires _____ leading to protein synthesis and synaptic changes

A

Gene activation

44
Q

____ - term memory : involves transient changes in synaptic activity

A

Short

45
Q

____ -term memory: involves formation of new. Permanent synaptic connections

A

Long

46
Q

_______- decreased responsiveness to a receptive and indifferent stimulus
_______- increased responsiveness to mild stimuli following a noxious stimuli
Both involve changes in ______ and ____

A

Habituation
Sensitization
Ion channels, currents

47
Q

_________ is important for initial storage into long term memory

A

Long term potentiation (LTP)

48
Q

Concept that _____ temporarily holds and interrelates various pieces of information that are relevant to a current mental task

A

Working memory

49
Q

_____ memory is critical for ability to reason, plan and make judgements
Takes place within ______

A

Working
Prefrontal cortex

50
Q

______ disease :
-Characterized by short-term memory loss in early stages
-followed eventually by loss of long-term memory
- confusion, disorientation, personality changes
-loss of ability to read, write, calculate
- language ability and speech also impaired
Brain alterations :______ and _______

A

Alzheimer’s
Neurofibrillary tangles , amyloid plaques

51
Q

Characteristic los of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain- cells that project to to____

A

Hippocampus

52
Q

________ neurons: neurons that use acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter

A

Cholinergic

53
Q

______ is localized in one hemisphere - left hemisphere (95^ of right handlers , 60%-70% of left handers)

A

Language

54
Q

______ area : speaking ability
- damage results in an inability to send the proper commands to the motor cortex to form the words.

A

Broca’s

55
Q

_____ area: language comprehension
- damage results in an inability to attach meaning to words or choose the appropriate words

A

Wernicke’s

56
Q

Language disorders :
______- is a defect in language processing caused by dysfunction of the dominant cerebral hemisphere
____- defects in mechanical aspect of speech
____- difficulty in learning to read because of inappropriate interpretation of words. Due to developmental abnormalities in connections between the visual and language area of the cortex

A

Aphasia
Speech impediments
Dyslexia

57
Q

Which language disorder is Due to developmental abnormalities in connections between the visual and language area of the cortex

A

Dyslexia

58
Q

Electrical activity patterns define ___ states

A

Arousal

59
Q

Electrical activity in neurons can be measured by ____

A

EEG’S

60
Q

EEG’S:
Surface electrodes placed on the scalp can detect ______ of the cortical neurons in the region under the electrode

A

Depolarizations

61
Q

Depolarizations of the cortical neurons represents _____________ and _________ in cell bodies of the cortical layers

A

Excitatory post synaptic potentials (EPSP) and inhibitory post synaptic potentials (IPSP)

62
Q

In wake states - neurons are firing but not always in a coordinated fashion
This desynchronization may be a result of ascending signals coming from the _________

A

Reticular activating system RAS

63
Q

EEG is often used as a clinical tool in diagnosis of _____ dysfunction

A

Cerebral

64
Q

____- shows distinctively abnormal traces on EEG.
- seizures occur when collections of neurons undergo synchronous action potential that produce stereotypical, involuntary spasms and alterations in behaviour
- neuronal excitability coupled with comprised inhibitory activity or prolonged activation of excitatory transmitters

A

Epilepsy

65
Q

__________
- electro cerebral silence - flat EEG
-needs to be coupled with other stringent criteria

A

Legal determination of death

66
Q

EEG is also used to distinguish various stages of ____

A

Sleep

67
Q

The ____ rhythm in the EEG is 8-13 Hz: index of cortical activity.
- present in adult who is awake but relaxed with eyes closed
- amplitude is negatively correlated with cortical activity

A

Alpha

68
Q

_____ rhythm in the EEG is 13-30 Hz: decreased synchronization with cortical activity
- individuals who are alert and attentive to external stimuli or exert specific mental effort

A

Beta

69
Q

States of consciousness include
1___
2____
3____

A

Maximum alertness, wakefulness, sleep

70
Q

_______ depends on sensory input that stimulates the RAS and subsequently the activity levels of the CNS as a whole

A

Maximum alertness

71
Q

________: normal cyclic variation in awareness

A

Sleep-wake cycle

72
Q

Sleep is an ___ process. Brains overall activity is not reduced during sleep

A

Active

73
Q

2 types of sale characterized by different EEG patterns and different behaviours:
-_______sleep : delta -wave , non rapid eye movementn NREM

-_____sleep : rapid eye movement , REM

A

Slow-wave sleep
Paradoxical

74
Q

Slow wave sleep occurs in 4 stages- each displaying a ____ frequency but ____ amplitude EEG wave

A

Lower, higher

75
Q

At onset of sleep upon move through the stages from _______ sleep (1) to ___ sleep (4) in a 35-45 min period
Ten i reveres through the same stages in the same amount of time

A

Light , deep

76
Q

A short period of ____ sleep occurs at the end of each slow-wave cycle

A

REM

77
Q

Sleep stages :
Stage ___: drowsiness and drifting in and out of consciousness

A

1

78
Q

Sleepers move through stages 2-3-4 and then back through the stages, rather than returning to stage 1 sleepers enter ___ sleep
It is a ___minute cycle

A

REM
90

79
Q

Time in ____ stage increases whereas Tim win stages ___ and ___ decreases over the cycles

A

REM
3 and 4

80
Q

Main functions of sleep include :
1.__ - defence from predation
2.__- healing, growth, immune function
3.___ - underlie consolidation of long-term memory in cortex

A

Conservation of energy
Restorative function for brain/body
Cerebral changes

Med310A (29 decks)

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