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Med310A > Lecture 5: Central Nervous System 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 5: Central Nervous System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

CNS:
Brain & spinal cord
-> ____ division
-> ____ nervous system ->____ nervous system
->___ neurons ->___ nervous system
-> ___ muscles ->___ nervous system
-> __ muscles
-> ___ muscle
-> ___ glands
-> ___ glands

A

Efferent
Somatic autonomic
Motor sympathetic, parasympathetic
Skeletal smooth, cardiac, exocrine , endocrine

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2
Q

The central nervous system consists of the ___ and _____

A

Brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

The ____ nervous system consists if afferent and efferent neurons and their axons that are found outside the brain and spinal cord

A

Peripheral

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4
Q

The ___ nervous system- consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic components

A

Autonomic

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5
Q

The 2 major types of cells in the central nervous system are ___ and ____

A

Neurons and glial cells

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6
Q

Neurons are the __ or ___
Glial cells play an important role in ___ and ___

A

Effectors or sensors
Protection and support

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7
Q

___-the business part of the nervous system : grey matter

A

Neurons

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8
Q

Various types of neurons- ___, ___, ____, ___

A

Function, morphology, phenotype, modality

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9
Q

________- Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microfilm, ependymal cells (CNS)
Schwann cells, satellite cells (PNS)

A

GLIAL CELLS

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10
Q

____- information arrives in the CNS
____- commands from the CNS exits to various parts of nervous system or other body systems

A

Afferent
Efferent

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11
Q

____- lie entirely within the CNS - are usually part of the intrinsic circuits

A

Inter neurons

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12
Q

_____- Long bundles of sensory and motor axons in the PNS

A

Nerves

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13
Q

Half of the cells in the brain are _____ and other half are neurons
Serve essentially as the _____ tissue of the brain
Important for maintaining the _____ composition of the extracellular environment surrounding neurons

A

Glial cells
Connective
Homeostatic

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14
Q

-
-
-

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells

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15
Q

Type of glial cell that :
-physically support neurons in proper spatial relationships
-serve as a scaffold during fetal brain development
- form neural scar tissue
- Take up and degrade released neurotransmitters into raw materials for synthesis of more neurotransmitters by neurons
- take up excess K+ to help maintain proper-brain -ECF ion concentration and normal neural excitability
-enhance synapse formation and strengthen synaptic transmission

A

Astrocytes

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16
Q

Type of glial cell that:
Form myelin sheaths in CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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17
Q

Type of glial cell that play a role in defence of brain as phagocytes scavengers

A

Microglia

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18
Q

Type of glial cell that:
- line internal cavities of brain and spinal cord
Contribute to formation of cerebrospinal fluid
Serve as neural stem cells with the potential to form new neurons

A

Ependymal cells

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19
Q

The brain stem consists of ___, ___ and ___

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

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20
Q

The brain is divided into 2 half’s, the ______ hemisphere and ______ hemisphere. Dividing the 2 is the ______

A

Left cerebral, right cerebral
Longitudinal fissure

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21
Q

The brain and spinal cord are protected by a 3 layer sheath- collectively referred to as the ____

A

Meninges

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22
Q

Meninges:
______: most fragile, inner most layer
____: middle membrane
____: tough outer most layer
These layers wrap and protect the ____

A

Pia mater
Arachnoid mater
Dura mater
CNS

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23
Q

Space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater is called the ______, it is filled with ___ and contains ____ that supply the brain

A

Subarachnoid space
CSF
Blood vessels

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24
Q

Brain and spinal cord essentially float within a fluid filled space, this space is filled with____

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)

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25
Q

The csf circulates through the ____ system

A

Ventricular

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26
Q
  1. Csf is produced by the ______ inside ventricles
  2. It circulates through the ___
  3. Exits 4th ventricle flows in the _____ space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater,
  4. Reabsorb from subarachnoid blood via the _____ villi
A

Choroid plexus
Ventricles
Subarchnoid
Arachnoid

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27
Q

Function of csf:
Buoyancy of csf reduces the ___ of brain = less ___ on blood vessels and nerves
Also provides protective ___; with a blow to the head the fluid absorbs some of the shock before he brain hits the skull.

A

Weight, pressure
Padding

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28
Q

Functions of CSF :
Csf creates a regulated _____ environment for the neurons.
Csf contains little ___ and no ___ cells

A

Extracellular
Protein
Blood

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29
Q

_____- when samples of csf test positive for the presence prof protein or blood cells , suggest infection

A

Spinal tap

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30
Q

The entire csf volume of about 125-15-mL is replaced about ___x a day
Problems with csf formation or reabsorption can lead to _____

A

3
Hydrocephalus

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31
Q

___ -functional barrier between interstitial fluid and the blood

A

Blood brain barrier (BBB)

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32
Q

The BBB limits passage of blood borne agents into the ___

A

CNS

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33
Q

BBB:
Selective permeability of brain capillaries protects brain from toxins and fluctuations in ___, ___ and _____ in the blood

A

Hormones
Ions
Neuroactive substances

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34
Q

The BBB consists of ____ cells of the brain capillaries.

A

Endothelial

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35
Q

Endothelial cells form tight junctions with each other that prevent _____ movement between endothelial cells

A

Solute

36
Q

BBB:
Only possible exchange is through the _____ themselves

A

Endothelial cells

37
Q

BBB:
Only _____ substances such as oxygen, C02, steroid hormones and alcohol that penetrate the cells

A

Lipid soluble

38
Q

BBB;
____ molecules cannot cross BBB unless via a specific carrier

A

Water soluble

39
Q

BBB:
Some areas of brain have a leaky BBB- ______ organs such as the neurohypophysis of the pituitary. This allows the brain to sense and respond to _____ occurring in the body

A

Circumventricular
Chemical changes

40
Q

Neural tissue: metabolic needs:
_______:
- passes freely across BBB
-brain receives _____ of blood pumped by heart
- brain canno produce ___ in the absence of this.
- brain damage occurs if this is cut for about 5 or more mins

A

Oxygen
15%
ATP

41
Q

Neural tissue: metabolic needs :
_____:
- brain responsible for about half of body’s consumption of this and the body does not store it well.
- ________ move this from plasma into brain interstitial fluid
-____ leads to confusion, unconsciousness and death
- brain damage if this is cut off for about 15 mins

A

Glucose
Membrane transporters
Hypoglycaemia

42
Q

What brain component?
sensory perception
voluntary control of movement
Language
Personality traits
Sophisticated mental events such as thinking, memory, decision making, creativity, and self-consciousness

A

Cerebral cortex

43
Q

What brain component?
Inhibition of muscle tone
Coordination of slow, sustained movements
Suppression of useless patterns of movement

A

Basal nuclei

44
Q

What brain component?
Relay station for all synaptic input
Crude awareness of sensation
Some degree of consciousness
Role in motor control

A

Thalamus

45
Q

What brain component?
Regulation of many homeostatic functions such as temperature control, third, urine output and food intake.
Important link between nervous and endocrine systems
Extensive involvement with emotional and basic
behavioural patterns
Role in sleep-wake cycle

A

Hypothalamus

46
Q

What brain component?
Maintenance of balance
Enhancement of muscle tone
Coordination and planning on skilled voluntary muscle activity

A

Cerebellum

47
Q

What brain component?
Origin of majority of peripheral cranial nerves
Cardiovascular, respiratory and digestive control cortex
Regulation of muscle reflexes involved with equilibrium and posture
Reception and integration of all synaptic input from spinal cord; arousal and activation of cerebral cortex
Role in sleep-wake cycle

A

Brain stem (midbrain, pons, medulla)

48
Q

The cerebral cortex is __matter and the core is ___ matter

A

Grey, white

49
Q

_____Comprised mainly of neuronal cells, dendrites and glial cells

A

Grey matter

50
Q

Integration of neural input and initiation of neural output take place within _____

A

Grey matter

51
Q

The _______ consists of bundles of myelinated nerve fibers that interconnect brain areas

A

White matter

52
Q

The _______ is organized into six well defined layers also organized into vertically organized columns of cells

A

Cerebral cortex

53
Q

Each hemisphere is divided into 4 lobes:
_____ lobes: receives and processes visual inputs
___ lobes: receives and process auditory inputs
___ lobes: receiving and processing of somatosensory input
___ lobes: voluntary motor activity, speaking and elaboration of thought

A

Occipital
Temporal
Parietal
Frontal

54
Q

Occipital lobes receives and processes _____ inputs

A

Visual

55
Q

Temporal lobes receives and processes ___ inputs

A

Auditory

56
Q

Parietal lobes receiving and processing ____ input.

A

Somatosensory

57
Q

Frontal lobes : voluntary _____, ____ and elaboration of ____

A

Motor activity
Speaking
Thought

58
Q

______ detects the magnitude of blood flow in different regions of the brain. More blood flow = more active brain region.

A

(PET) POSITRON -EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY

59
Q

Primmary auditory cortex receives topographic sensory fibres from the ___ of each ear, mapped by pitch

A

Cochlea

60
Q

Temporal lobe contains the ____ and ___, important for episodic memory formation of recent events

A
61
Q

What is hippocampus and amygdala important for?

A

Episodic memory formation of recent events

62
Q

Each hemisphere receives out from both eyes via ____ and ____

A

Optic nerve and thalamus

63
Q

Visual hemi-field projects onto ________

A

Primary visual cortex

64
Q

______- area in front of the centra sulcus: plan and execute movements in coordination with the pre-motor cortex

A

Primary motor cortex

65
Q

Primary motor cortex controls _________

A

Muscle/movements on opposite side of body

66
Q

______- depicts the location and relative amount of motor cortex devoted to output to the muscles of each body part

A

Motor homunculus

67
Q

_____- muscles of each body part are represented typographically

A

Motor homunculus

68
Q

Extent of representation in the ________ is proportional to the precision and complexity of motor skills required

A

Motor cortex

69
Q

Motor areas are adjacent to _______areas for same body regions, facilitating communication

A

Sensory

70
Q

Projects to motor neurons that directly innervate _____ muscle

A

Skeletal

71
Q

Executes ______ movements, by coordinated activation of multiple muscle groups

A

Muscle

72
Q

____ encode force, direction and speed of movement

A

Neurons

73
Q

_______ on each side controls muscles on opposite side of body-tracts originating in the cortex cross before continuing down spinal cord

A

Motor cortex

74
Q

Primary motor cortex does not initiate ________. Associative structures process progressively more abstract info

A

Voluntary movement

75
Q

_______- signals preparation for movement, informed of body’s position in relation to target, codes behavioural context/goals, correct and incorrect actions

A

Premotor cortex

76
Q

_____- plays a preparatory role in programming complex sequences of movement, resounds to remembered movements, active during action and imagination of Action

A

Supplementary motor area

77
Q

______- planning and organization of goal-directed behavioural, working memory and decision making

A

Prefrontal cortex

78
Q

_____- sensations from receptors on the surface of the body, specialized for tough, pain, pressure, heat and cold

A

Somaesthetic sensation

79
Q

_____- site for processing tough inputs and features

A

Primary somatosensation cortex

80
Q

______- area posterior to central sulcus
- information acquired by PNS processing iOS relayed to the CNS and somatosensory cortex

A

Somatosensory cortex

81
Q

________:
-each region receives somaesthetic and proprioceptive input from a specific area of the body
-the size of each body part indicates the relative proportion of the somatosensory cortex devoted to that area

A

Sensory homunculus

82
Q

_______ integrates tough, vision and audition information in spatial context, part of dorsal stream

A

Associative parietal cortex

83
Q

_______ receives information from opposite side of the body

A

Primary sensory cortex

84
Q

The ___ detects simple awareness of sensation but doesn’t tell you where or intensity.

A

Thalamus

85
Q

Motor, sensory and language areas account or only half of the total ______
Remaining areas are called ________

A

Cerebral cortex
Association areas

86
Q

Association areas :
-_____ association cortex
-_____ association cortex
-_____ association cortex

A

Prefrontal
Parietal-temporal-occipital
Limbic

Med310A (29 decks)

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