Lecture 5: Central Nervous System 1 Flashcards by Becca Hodder

CNS:
Brain & spinal cord
-> ____ division
-> ____ nervous system ->____ nervous system
->___ neurons ->___ nervous system
-> ___ muscles ->___ nervous system
-> __ muscles
-> ___ muscle
-> ___ glands
-> ___ glands

Efferent
Somatic autonomic
Motor sympathetic, parasympathetic
Skeletal smooth, cardiac, exocrine , endocrine

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The central nervous system consists of the ___ and _____

Brain and spinal cord

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The ____ nervous system consists if afferent and efferent neurons and their axons that are found outside the brain and spinal cord

Peripheral

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The ___ nervous system- consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic components

Autonomic

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The 2 major types of cells in the central nervous system are ___ and ____

Neurons and glial cells

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Neurons are the __ or ___
Glial cells play an important role in ___ and ___

Effectors or sensors
Protection and support

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___-the business part of the nervous system : grey matter

Neurons

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Various types of neurons- ___, ___, ____, ___

Function, morphology, phenotype, modality

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________- Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microfilm, ependymal cells (CNS)
Schwann cells, satellite cells (PNS)

GLIAL CELLS

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____- information arrives in the CNS
____- commands from the CNS exits to various parts of nervous system or other body systems

Afferent
Efferent

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____- lie entirely within the CNS - are usually part of the intrinsic circuits

Inter neurons

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_____- Long bundles of sensory and motor axons in the PNS

Nerves

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Half of the cells in the brain are _____ and other half are neurons
Serve essentially as the _____ tissue of the brain
Important for maintaining the _____ composition of the extracellular environment surrounding neurons

Glial cells
Connective
Homeostatic

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-
-

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells

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Type of glial cell that :
-physically support neurons in proper spatial relationships
-serve as a scaffold during fetal brain development
- form neural scar tissue
- Take up and degrade released neurotransmitters into raw materials for synthesis of more neurotransmitters by neurons
- take up excess K+ to help maintain proper-brain -ECF ion concentration and normal neural excitability
-enhance synapse formation and strengthen synaptic transmission

Astrocytes

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Type of glial cell that:
Form myelin sheaths in CNS

Oligodendrocytes

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Type of glial cell that play a role in defence of brain as phagocytes scavengers

Microglia

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Type of glial cell that:
- line internal cavities of brain and spinal cord
Contribute to formation of cerebrospinal fluid
Serve as neural stem cells with the potential to form new neurons

Ependymal cells

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The brain stem consists of ___, ___ and ___

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

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The brain is divided into 2 half’s, the ______ hemisphere and ______ hemisphere. Dividing the 2 is the ______

Left cerebral, right cerebral
Longitudinal fissure

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The brain and spinal cord are protected by a 3 layer sheath- collectively referred to as the ____

Meninges

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Meninges:
______: most fragile, inner most layer
____: middle membrane
____: tough outer most layer
These layers wrap and protect the ____

Pia mater
Arachnoid mater
Dura mater
CNS

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Space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater is called the ______, it is filled with ___ and contains ____ that supply the brain

Subarachnoid space
CSF
Blood vessels

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Brain and spinal cord essentially float within a fluid filled space, this space is filled with____

Cerebrospinal fluid (csf)

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The csf circulates through the ____ system

Ventricular

1. Csf is produced by the ______ inside ventricles 2. It circulates through the ___ 3. Exits 4th ventricle flows in the _____ space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater, 4. Reabsorb from subarachnoid blood via the _____ villi

Choroid plexus Ventricles Subarchnoid Arachnoid

Function of csf: Buoyancy of csf reduces the ___ of brain = less ___ on blood vessels and nerves Also provides protective ___; with a blow to the head the fluid absorbs some of the shock before he brain hits the skull.

Weight, pressure Padding

Functions of CSF : Csf creates a regulated _____ environment for the neurons. Csf contains little ___ and no ___ cells

Extracellular Protein Blood

_____- when samples of csf test positive for the presence prof protein or blood cells , suggest infection

Spinal tap

The entire csf volume of about 125-15-mL is replaced about ___x a day Problems with csf formation or reabsorption can lead to _____

3 Hydrocephalus

___ -functional barrier between interstitial fluid and the blood

Blood brain barrier (BBB)

The BBB limits passage of blood borne agents into the ___

CNS

BBB: Selective permeability of brain capillaries protects brain from toxins and fluctuations in ___, ___ and _____ in the blood

Hormones Ions Neuroactive substances

The BBB consists of ____ cells of the brain capillaries.

Endothelial

Endothelial cells form tight junctions with each other that prevent _____ movement between endothelial cells

Solute

BBB: Only possible exchange is through the _____ themselves

Endothelial cells

BBB: Only _____ substances such as oxygen, C02, steroid hormones and alcohol that penetrate the cells

Lipid soluble

BBB; ____ molecules cannot cross BBB unless via a specific carrier

Water soluble

BBB: Some areas of brain have a leaky BBB- ______ organs such as the neurohypophysis of the pituitary. This allows the brain to sense and respond to _____ occurring in the body

Circumventricular Chemical changes

Neural tissue: metabolic needs: _______: - passes freely across BBB -brain receives _____ of blood pumped by heart - brain canno produce ___ in the absence of this. - brain damage occurs if this is cut for about 5 or more mins

Oxygen 15% ATP

Neural tissue: metabolic needs : _____: - brain responsible for about half of body’s consumption of this and the body does not store it well. - ________ move this from plasma into brain interstitial fluid -____ leads to confusion, unconsciousness and death - brain damage if this is cut off for about 15 mins

Glucose Membrane transporters Hypoglycaemia

What brain component? sensory perception voluntary control of movement Language Personality traits Sophisticated mental events such as thinking, memory, decision making, creativity, and self-consciousness

Cerebral cortex

What brain component? Inhibition of muscle tone Coordination of slow, sustained movements Suppression of useless patterns of movement

Basal nuclei

What brain component? Relay station for all synaptic input Crude awareness of sensation Some degree of consciousness Role in motor control

Thalamus

What brain component? Regulation of many homeostatic functions such as temperature control, third, urine output and food intake. Important link between nervous and endocrine systems Extensive involvement with emotional and basic behavioural patterns Role in sleep-wake cycle

Hypothalamus

What brain component? Maintenance of balance Enhancement of muscle tone Coordination and planning on skilled voluntary muscle activity

Cerebellum

What brain component? Origin of majority of peripheral cranial nerves Cardiovascular, respiratory and digestive control cortex Regulation of muscle reflexes involved with equilibrium and posture Reception and integration of all synaptic input from spinal cord; arousal and activation of cerebral cortex Role in sleep-wake cycle

Brain stem (midbrain, pons, medulla)

The cerebral cortex is __matter and the core is ___ matter

Grey, white

_____Comprised mainly of neuronal cells, dendrites and glial cells

Grey matter

Integration of neural input and initiation of neural output take place within _____

Grey matter

The _______ consists of bundles of myelinated nerve fibers that interconnect brain areas

White matter

The _______ is organized into six well defined layers also organized into vertically organized columns of cells

Cerebral cortex

Each hemisphere is divided into 4 lobes: _____ lobes: receives and processes visual inputs ___ lobes: receives and process auditory inputs ___ lobes: receiving and processing of somatosensory input ___ lobes: voluntary motor activity, speaking and elaboration of thought

Occipital Temporal Parietal Frontal

Occipital lobes receives and processes _____ inputs

Visual

Temporal lobes receives and processes ___ inputs

Auditory

Parietal lobes receiving and processing ____ input.

Somatosensory

Frontal lobes : voluntary _____, ____ and elaboration of ____

Motor activity Speaking Thought

______ detects the magnitude of blood flow in different regions of the brain. More blood flow = more active brain region.

(PET) POSITRON -EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY

Primmary auditory cortex receives topographic sensory fibres from the ___ of each ear, mapped by pitch

Cochlea

Temporal lobe contains the ____ and ___, important for episodic memory formation of recent events

What is hippocampus and amygdala important for?

Episodic memory formation of recent events

Each hemisphere receives out from both eyes via ____ and ____

Optic nerve and thalamus

Visual hemi-field projects onto ________

Primary visual cortex

______- area in front of the centra sulcus: plan and execute movements in coordination with the pre-motor cortex

Primary motor cortex

Primary motor cortex controls _________

Muscle/movements on opposite side of body

______- depicts the location and relative amount of motor cortex devoted to output to the muscles of each body part

Motor homunculus

_____- muscles of each body part are represented typographically

Motor homunculus

Extent of representation in the ________ is proportional to the precision and complexity of motor skills required

Motor cortex

Motor areas are adjacent to _______areas for same body regions, facilitating communication

Sensory

Projects to motor neurons that directly innervate _____ muscle

Skeletal

Executes ______ movements, by coordinated activation of multiple muscle groups

Muscle

____ encode force, direction and speed of movement

Neurons

_______ on each side controls muscles on opposite side of body-tracts originating in the cortex cross before continuing down spinal cord

Motor cortex

Primary motor cortex does not initiate ________. Associative structures process progressively more abstract info

Voluntary movement

_______- signals preparation for movement, informed of body’s position in relation to target, codes behavioural context/goals, correct and incorrect actions

Premotor cortex

_____- plays a preparatory role in programming complex sequences of movement, resounds to remembered movements, active during action and imagination of Action

Supplementary motor area

______- planning and organization of goal-directed behavioural, working memory and decision making

Prefrontal cortex

_____- sensations from receptors on the surface of the body, specialized for tough, pain, pressure, heat and cold

Somaesthetic sensation

_____- site for processing tough inputs and features

Primary somatosensation cortex

______- area posterior to central sulcus - information acquired by PNS processing iOS relayed to the CNS and somatosensory cortex

Somatosensory cortex

________: -each region receives somaesthetic and proprioceptive input from a specific area of the body -the size of each body part indicates the relative proportion of the somatosensory cortex devoted to that area

Sensory homunculus

_______ integrates tough, vision and audition information in spatial context, part of dorsal stream

Associative parietal cortex

_______ receives information from opposite side of the body

Primary sensory cortex

The ___ detects simple awareness of sensation but doesn’t tell you where or intensity.

Thalamus

Motor, sensory and language areas account or only half of the total ______ Remaining areas are called ________

Cerebral cortex Association areas

Association areas : -_____ association cortex -_____ association cortex -_____ association cortex

Prefrontal Parietal-temporal-occipital Limbic