Adrenal Endocrinology & Stress Flashcards
This gland is the downstream of hypothalamic and anterior pituitary stimulation
Adrenal
Medulla arises from neural ____ and cortex from_____
Ectoderm, mesoderm
Adrenal ____ secretes catecholamines
Medulla
Adrenal_____ secretes steroids
Cortex
During fetal development the cortex engulfs the _____
Medulla
Both ___ and ____ are secreted by fasciculata and reticular is zones
Cortisol
androgens
Synthesis of adrenal cortex hormones :
All are ____ derived from cholesterol
Steroids
Synthesis of adrenal cortex hormones:
Cholesterol is transported in blood as ____
LDL
Synthesis of adrenal cortex hormones:
LDL surface receptors bind LDL which is endocytosed by a cell to provide ______
Cholesterol
Angiotensin II or elevated plasma potassium in outer zone and well as ACTH in middle and inner zones regulate the amount of _____ hormones produced
Adrenal cortex
_______ (hormone)
Stimulates and maintains cellular growth
Too much= hypertrophy
Too little: atrophy
Up regulates LDL receptors
ACTH
This hormone regulates :
Carbohydrate, protein, and fat intermediary metabolism
Protects during acute stress
Anti inflammatory and immunosuppressive
Permissive actions for other hormones
Cortisol
Metabolic effects of ______:
Raises blood glucose
Raises blood amino acid level
Raises blood fatty acid level
Cortisol
Cortisol is protective during acute ____
Stimulates CRH/ACTH/cortisol secretion
MEtabolic actions increase raw materials needed to respond to this
Stress
Cortisol is necessary for epinephrine and norepinephrine to adequate;y constrict ______
Blood vessels
________ syndrome
-Excessive CRH or ACTH production from hypothalamus/anterior pituitary
- ACTH-secreting tumours that arise elsewhere in the body
- adrenal cortex tumours that secrete cortisol independently from ACTH control
Cushings
Symptoms of excess _______: high blood glucose and protein catabolism, fat redistribution to thorax and abdomen, facial edema
Cortisol
_________ syndrome: sex steroid hypersecretion
-androgen if hypersecretion
- steroid production independently from ACTH control
-clinical symptoms depend upon timing of excess secretion
Adrenogenital syndrome
_____ disease : adrenocortical insufficiency
Adrenal cortex is being destroyed by autoimmune reactions
Aldosterone/cortisol deficiency most critical and life threatening if not treated
Gonads contribute to sex steroid production
Lack of adrenal hormone production by reduced hormone production at hypothalamus/anterior pituitary
Addison’s
The adrenal medulla is a modified component of the ______ nervous system
Sympathetic
A response of :
-Sudden sympathetic outflow from CNS
- prepares body for sudden intense activity during physical danger
- occurs also with mental or emotional abuse
Fight or flight
Fight or flight response :
Does oxygen delivery to skeletal muscles and heart increase or decrease ?
Decrease or increase in metabolic fuels ?
Increased or decrease digestion and secretion ?
Increase
Increase
Decrease
Fight or flight response :
These responses re enhanced by ______
Relaxation of smooth muscle in airways
Increase glucose
Relaxation of bladder and GI tract
Epinephrine
Role of ___ and ___ during stress:
Retention of sodium and water:
- Protects ECF and blood volume
-important during heavy sweating and in case of blood loss
ADh
Aldosterone
Role of ______ during stress:
-opposes effects if insulin to increases the blood glucose concentration
- glucagon , cortisol, and epinephrine exhibit the phenomenon of synergism: their combined effects to raise glucose levels are greater than additive
Glucagon
Results of prolonged ____ may include:
-hypertension
-hyperglycaemia
-hyperlipidemia
-increase in infections and allergies
-insomnia
-headaches
-depression
-learning and memory problems
Stress
