Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Med310A > MUSCLE 2 > Flashcards

MUSCLE 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The axons of the plexus form structures called____ which are the sites of transmitter release

A

Varicosities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The sympathetic nerves primarily release _____ as a transmitter vs the parasympathetic nerves primarily elevate _____ as a transmitter

A

Noradrenaline
Acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

____ is produced by an elevation in intracellular Ca2+ and is often augmented by an enhancement of actin/myosin cross binding.

A

Contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

____ is produced by decreasing intracellular Ca2+.

A

Relaxation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Noradrenaline is released by ______ nerves
Acetylcholine is released by _____ nerves

A

Sympathetic
Parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Sympathetic nerves release noradrenaline which can activate __ and __ receptors

A

Alpha and beta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Parasympathetic nerves release acetylcholine which can activate ____ receptors

A

Muscarinic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

____ nerves releases noradrenaline which can activate alpha and beta receptors

A

Sympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

_____ nerves release acetylcholine which can activate Muscarinic receptors

A

Parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which receptors (alpha or beta) :
- contract smooth muscle = __
- relax smooth muscle =___

A

Alpha
Beta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which receptor most often contract smooth muscle however in blood vessels they act on the endothelium to produce smooth muscle relaxation ?

A

Muscarinic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The major smooth muscle receptors are activated by ____ and ______

A

Noradrenaline and acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hormonal and neural mediated smooth muscle contraction and relaxation CNS be mediated through ______ or ____ mechanisms

A

Pharmacomechanical
Electromechanical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

________coupling is contraction or relaxation not mediated by a change in smooth muscle cell membrane potential.

A

Pharmacomechanical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

________coupling is contraction or relaxation mediated by a change in smooth muscle cell membrane potential.

A

Electromechanical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction in solely mediated via ______ coupling

A

Electromechanical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Can smooth muscle cells utilize both Pharmacomechanical and electromechanical mechanisms to elicit contraction?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

_________ is produced through the intracellular release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) via IP3 receptors and /or the activation protein kinase C (PKC) which enhances myosin/actin cross bridging.

A

Pharmacomechanical contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

_______is virtually always produced by an intracellular elevation in cyclic AMP (cAMP) or cyclic GMP (cGMP) which respectively activate cAMP and cGMP dependent protein kinases that inhibit myosin/actin cross bridging

A

Pharmacomechanical relaxation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Electromechanical contraction and relaxation is mediated by smooth muscle membrane potential ____ and ____

A

Depolarization
Hyperpolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The influx of Ca2+ into the smooth muscle in response to depolarization promotes ___________

A

Electromechanical contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Smooth muscle hyperpolarization closes voltage gated Ca2+ channels and inhibits Ca2+ AP’s and decreases intracellular Ca2+ influx resulting in smooth muscle _______

A

Relaxation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Depolarization opens voltage-gated ___ channels admitting __

A

Ca2+
Ca2+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

In some smooth muscle cells- ______ can occur along with ____ in response to sympathetic or parasympathetic nerve stimulation via ARP co-release along with adrenaline and acetylcholine

A

Electromechanical
Pharmacomechanical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

____ smooth muscle cells are not electrically connected with gap junction

A

Multi unit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

_____ smooth muscle cells are electrically connected with gap junctions

A

Unitary

27
Q

Are multiunit or unitary smooth muscle cells electrically connected with gap junctions?

A

Unitary

28
Q

Can multiunit SM cell depolarization or hyperpolarization spread from cell to cell via gap junctions?

A

No

29
Q

Can unitary SM cell depolarization or hyperpolarization spread from cell to cell via gap junctions?

A

Yes

30
Q

Are multiunit or unitary SM cells similar to skeletal muscles where each muscle cell contracts individually in response to nerve stimulation?

A

Multiunit

31
Q

Are multiunit or unitary SM cells similar to cardiac muscles where depolarization is spread from cell to cell ?

A

Unitary

32
Q

________ and ______ increase slow wave frequency, peristalsis and SMC contraction via M3 receptors.

A

Parasympathetic and acetylcholine

33
Q

____ and ____ rescue slow wave frequency, peristalsis and relax the SMC’s via Beta receptors

A

Sympathetic and noradrenaline

34
Q

Sarcomere structure (organization of actin/myosin/troop in/troop myosin and striations) is similar to ___ muscles

A

Skeletal

35
Q

The heart is spontaneously at ice, it as no direct motor nerve connection to CNS. Heart muscle fibre contraction is initiated and rhythmically maintained by intrinsic pacemaker cells that produce action potentials within an area called the ______ in the atria.

A

Sino atrial(SA) node

36
Q

Action potentials are transmitted between cardiac cells through ______ within intercalated discs forming special tunnels between cells. In contrast skeletal muscle cells are ___ isolated from each other

A

Gap junctions
Electrically

37
Q

These characteristics describe which muscle ?(cardiac or skeletal)
1. 20x volume of mitochondria
2. 7.5x capillary density supplying blood
3. Extracts more o2 from blood
4. High myoglobin content
5. Depends on oxidative phosphorylation for energy

A

Cardiac

38
Q

______ is the synchronized sequential cardiac muscle contraction and relaxation

A

Cardiac cycle

39
Q

In order to pump blood to lungs and into body the cardiac muscle present in the __ and ___ has to contract and relax in sequential coordinated manner

A

Atria and ventricles

40
Q

Order the cardiac cycle :
A. The atria contract forcing more blood into ventricles
B. After delay the ventricles contract simultaneously pushing blood into lungs and blood
C. Atria and ventricles fill when the heart is relaxed

A

C, a, b

41
Q

Modified cardiac cells form a conduction system tat starts in the ____ and propagates action potentials to the ____ then to the ___ initiating contraction in the cardiac muscle cells within both areas.

A

SA node
Atria
Ventricles

42
Q

The ___ is the hearts “pacemaker”

A

SA node

43
Q

SA node cells produce spontaneous, repetitive , unique ___ driven action potentials

A

Ca2+

44
Q

Place the Cardiac conduction system in order :
1. Depolarization of 0mV triggers a rapid effluent of K+ which hyperpolarizes the cells back to -60mV.
2. The cells start at a resting membrane potential of 60mV. They are leaky to Na+ and Ca2+. The influx of Na+ and Ca2+ slowly depolarize the cells.
3. When the Na+ and Ca2+ leak depolarize the cell to a threshold of -40mV and AP is produced via fast influx of Ca2+ which plateaus at 0mV

A

2, 3, 1

45
Q

The cardiac conduction system repeats about __ times per minute - the average resting heart rate in humans

A

70

46
Q

Action potentials generated in SA node spread through conduction system and depolarize atrial and ventricular cardiac muscle cells causing them to evolve AP’s and ___

A

Contract

47
Q

______ are protein tunnels that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells and transmits depolarization

A

Gap junctions

48
Q

Every cardiac cell is connected electrically via _____ present within intercalated discs

A

Gap junctions

49
Q

Every cardiac muscle cell can evoke an AP when it is depolarized to threshold. The cells within the conducting system can’t contract but they transmit depolarization to cells in ___ and ___ which can contract causing cells to produce action potentials and ____

A

Atria and ventricles
Contract

50
Q

Depolarization spreads from cell to cell through gap junction causing adjacent cells to fire ________

A

Action potentials

51
Q

__ induced depolarization triggers ___ influx through special voltage gated channels. This triggers a large release of __ from sarcoplasmic reticulum, resulting in ____

A

Na+
Ca2+
Ca2+
Contraction

52
Q

___ influx produces depolarization —> produces __ influx —> triggers ____

A

Na+
Ca2+
Contraction

53
Q

Order sequence of depolarization/contraction in heart:
1. SA node spontaneously fires AP’s depolarization spreads through atria producing AP’s in atrial muscle cells
2. Delay occurs then depo. and AP’s transmit down conducting system to apex of ventricle
3. Depo. & and AP spread from apex up through ventricle cardiac cells, produce contraction, squeezes blood into lungs and body
4. spread of depo. & production of AP’s through atria following by atrial contraction (push blood to ventricles)

A

1, 4, 2, 3

54
Q

In skeletal muscle cells the AP travels through t-tubule system and activates ___ receptor which releases Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

A

DHP

55
Q

Do skeletal or cardiac muscle cells have DHP as the receptor ?

A

Skeletal

56
Q

Do skeletal or cardiac muscle cells have voltage gated Ca2+ channels ?

A

Cardiac

57
Q

What is the difference between action potentials in skeletal vs cardiac muscle cells

A

Skeletal- DHP receptor
Cardiac - Voltage gated Ca2+ channels

58
Q

The ____ and ___ nervous systems control the heart rate and strength of ventricle contraction

A

Sympathetic
Parasympathetic

59
Q

SNS release ____ and ______ and bind to B1 receptors depolarizing SA node cells = beat faster & enhancing ___ release which increase force of ventricle cell contraction.

A

Noradrenaline and adrenaline
Ca2+

60
Q

Vagal (PSNS) release ____ which binds to ____ receptors which hyperpolarizes SA cells and conducting system reduce SA node firing and conduction

A

Acetylcholine
Muscarinic

61
Q

_____ nerve (SNS) when stimulated releases neurotransmitters at SA node to increase ____

A

Accelerator
Heart rate

62
Q
  1. ___ nerve (PSNS) when stimulated releases neurotransmitter at SA node to decrease _____
A

Vagus
Heart rate

63
Q

Stretching the cardiac cells produces a more optimal orientation of ___ and ___ allowing greater contractile force to be generated

A

Actin and myosin

64
Q

What law is the intrinsic control of ventricular contraction?

A

Starlings

Med310A (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions