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Med310A > ENERGY BALANCE > Flashcards

ENERGY BALANCE Flashcards

1
Q

Insulin and glucagon regulate _____ levels

A

Blood glucose

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2
Q

Increasing Blood glucose = increase or decrease in insulin secretion?

A

Increase

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3
Q

Decrease Blood glucose = increase or decrease in insulin secretion?

A

Decrease

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4
Q

Insulin’s job is to remove ___ from blood stream

A

Glucose

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5
Q

The term _____ refers to large volume of urine produced by diabetics

A

Diabetes

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6
Q

_____ refers to “sweet urine” = diabetes associated with hyperglycaemia and glucose output in the urine

A

Mellitus

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7
Q

______ refers to “tasteless urine” = diabetes that is not associated with hyperglycaemia but is associated with ADH deficiency

A

Insipidus

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8
Q

High protein meals do or do not change blood glucose ?

A

Do not

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9
Q

Type ____ diabetes :
-autoimmune destruction of beta cells
- usually develops in children or before age 40
- regular insulin injections required for survival and a full life

A

1

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10
Q

Insulin absence triggers ______ release from the alpha cells leading to additional glucose in the blood through glucagon action; therefore, therapy for IDDM may be insulin + GHIH to inhibit _____ secretion

A

Glucagon
Glucagon

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11
Q

Diagnosis of diabetes is fasting glucose > ____mmol/L
And glucose > ______mmol/L 2 hrs after oral glucose

A

7mmol/L
11mmol/L

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12
Q

______ is a measure of the glycosylation state of hemoglobin (Hb)

A

A1C

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13
Q

Hb in RBC’s run over every ___ months

A

3

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14
Q

% glycosylation is a function of average ____ levels over time

A

Glucose

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15
Q

Non diabetics have a A1C test result of approximately ____%

A

5

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16
Q

diabetics have a A1C test result of approximately ____%

A

6.5-7

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17
Q

____ monitoring is an important indicator of diabetes control

A

A1C

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18
Q

Targets for most people with diabetes
A1C - ___% or less
Fasting blood glucose- ___ to ____ mmol/L
Blood glucose 2 hrs after meal - ___ to ___ mmol/L

A

7
4-7
5-10

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19
Q

Is uncontrolled glucose a problem ?

A

Yes

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20
Q

Does uncontrolled glucose interfere with physiological systems ?

A

Yes

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21
Q

This type of diabetes ________ refers to glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy

A

Gestational diabetes mellitus

22
Q

Type ___ diabetes mellitus
-characterized by impaired insulin secretion and/or resistance of target cells to its effects
- generally a later age of onset
-multiple pathways leading to this type
- majority of diabetics are this type
-prediabetes is a precursor state
-can progress to the other type

A

2

23
Q

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by impaired ___ secretion or resistance of target cells to its effects

A

Insulin

24
Q

Does type 1 or type 2 diabetes have a later age of onset ?

A

2

25
Q

Majority of diabetics are type ___

A

2

26
Q

Type ___ DM can progress to type ____

A

2 , 1

27
Q

Formal fasting range is < ___mmol/L

A

6

28
Q

Are diabetes rates going up or down?

A

Up

29
Q

90% of people who develop type 2 diabetes are ____

A

Over weight

30
Q

Does chronic over eating increase or decrease blood glucose ?

A

Increase

31
Q

Since the ___ cells are the “sensors” for insulin release, they may be more vulnerable to the by-products for their own metabolism

A

Beta

32
Q

Chronic insulin secretion can cause ___ cell exhaustion therefore type 2 progresses to IDDM, type 1

A

Beta

33
Q

___ drugs for type 2 DM
-improved A1C and glucose control as single drugs
-,echanisms of actions ; increased fat storage in the adipocyte, effectively reducing circulating fatty acids, blood glucose, and hyperinsulinemia

A

TZD

34
Q

BMI for :
Underweight -
Normal -
Overweight -
Obesity -

A

<18.5
18.5- 24.9
25- 29.9
>30

35
Q

______ is useful to determine regional adiposity
Helps establish if body fat is peripheral or central obesity
Gender specific
Higher risk for obesity associated illness

A

Waist circumference

36
Q

Waist circumference
High risk = ____ inches women
____ inches for men

A

> 35
40

37
Q

Subcutaneous fat is located where ?

A

Under fat

38
Q

Visceral fat is unhealthy because it is close to our ___

A

Organs

39
Q

Name some Type 2 diabetes treatments

A

Exercise
Healthy food

40
Q

_____= energy intake - energy output

A

Body energy

41
Q

______= food we eat, digest , absorb

A

Energy input

42
Q

____= work+ heat(waste)

A

Energy output

43
Q

____= energy required at rest
-dictated by age , male/female , lean muscle mass, level of activity , food ingestion, thyroid hormones and catecholamines, metabolic efficiency (genetics)

A

BMR

44
Q

____= desire for food

A

Appetite

45
Q

_____ sense of fullness

A

Satiety

46
Q

Hypothalamus contains 2 key control centres : ____ centre and ___ centre

A

Feeding and satiety

47
Q

4 types of input to the hypothalamus :
-neural input from _____
Neural input from ___ system
-___ hormones from GI tract
-adipokines from ___ tissue

A

Cerebral
Limbic
Peptide
Adipose

48
Q

______ theory
Theory proposes that blood glucose levels ultimately control the feeding and satiety centres

A

Glucostatic theory

49
Q

____ theory
- theory proposes that the level of body fat regulates the feeding and satiety centres
Discovery of several peptides from adipose tissue seems to support this theory.

A

Lipostatic

50
Q

______
Increases in response to decreased body fat
Increases in response to increased muscle mass
Is impacted by macronutrient content of meals and can be regulated by diet

A

Ghrelin

51
Q

> __ % of adults are overweight /obese
25% are obese

A

50
25

Med310A (29 decks)

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