ENERGY BALANCE

Question 1

Insulin and glucagon regulate _____ levels

Answer 1

Blood glucose

Question 2

Increasing Blood glucose = increase or decrease in insulin secretion?

Answer 2

Increase

Question 3

Decrease Blood glucose = increase or decrease in insulin secretion?

Answer 3

Decrease

Question 4

Insulin’s job is to remove ___ from blood stream

Answer 4

Glucose

Question 5

The term _____ refers to large volume of urine produced by diabetics

Answer 5

Diabetes

Question 6

_____ refers to “sweet urine” = diabetes associated with hyperglycaemia and glucose output in the urine

Answer 6

Mellitus

Question 7

______ refers to “tasteless urine” = diabetes that is not associated with hyperglycaemia but is associated with ADH deficiency

Answer 7

Insipidus

Question 8

High protein meals do or do not change blood glucose ?

Answer 8

Do not

Question 9

Type ____ diabetes :
-autoimmune destruction of beta cells
- usually develops in children or before age 40
- regular insulin injections required for survival and a full life

Answer 9

1

Question 10

Insulin absence triggers ______ release from the alpha cells leading to additional glucose in the blood through glucagon action; therefore, therapy for IDDM may be insulin + GHIH to inhibit _____ secretion

Answer 10

Glucagon
Glucagon

Question 11

Diagnosis of diabetes is fasting glucose > ____mmol/L
And glucose > ______mmol/L 2 hrs after oral glucose

Answer 11

7mmol/L
11mmol/L

Question 12

______ is a measure of the glycosylation state of hemoglobin (Hb)

Answer 12

A1C

Question 13

Hb in RBC’s run over every ___ months

Answer 13

3

Question 14

% glycosylation is a function of average ____ levels over time

Answer 14

Glucose

Question 15

Non diabetics have a A1C test result of approximately ____%

Answer 15

5

Question 16

diabetics have a A1C test result of approximately ____%

Answer 16

6.5-7

Question 17

____ monitoring is an important indicator of diabetes control

Answer 17

A1C

Question 18

Targets for most people with diabetes
A1C - ___% or less
Fasting blood glucose- ___ to ____ mmol/L
Blood glucose 2 hrs after meal - ___ to ___ mmol/L

Answer 18

7
4-7
5-10

Question 19

Is uncontrolled glucose a problem ?

Answer 19

Yes

Question 20

Does uncontrolled glucose interfere with physiological systems ?

Answer 20

Yes

Question 21

This type of diabetes ________ refers to glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy

Answer 21

Gestational diabetes mellitus

Question 22

Type ___ diabetes mellitus
-characterized by impaired insulin secretion and/or resistance of target cells to its effects
- generally a later age of onset
-multiple pathways leading to this type
- majority of diabetics are this type
-prediabetes is a precursor state
-can progress to the other type

Answer 22

2

Question 23

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by impaired ___ secretion or resistance of target cells to its effects

Answer 23

Insulin

Question 24

Does type 1 or type 2 diabetes have a later age of onset ?

Answer 24

2

Question 25

Majority of diabetics are type ___

Answer 25

2

Question 26

Type ___ DM can progress to type ____

Answer 26

2 , 1

Question 27

Formal fasting range is < ___mmol/L

Answer 27

6

Question 28

Are diabetes rates going up or down?

Answer 28

Up

Question 29

90% of people who develop type 2 diabetes are ____

Answer 29

Over weight

Question 30

Does chronic over eating increase or decrease blood glucose ?

Answer 30

Increase

Question 31

Since the ___ cells are the “sensors” for insulin release, they may be more vulnerable to the by-products for their own metabolism

Answer 31

Beta

Question 32

Chronic insulin secretion can cause ___ cell exhaustion therefore type 2 progresses to IDDM, type 1

Answer 32

Beta

Question 33

___ drugs for type 2 DM -improved A1C and glucose control as single drugs -,echanisms of actions ; increased fat storage in the adipocyte, effectively reducing circulating fatty acids, blood glucose, and hyperinsulinemia

Answer 33

TZD

Question 34

BMI for : Underweight - Normal - Overweight - Obesity -

Answer 34

<18.5 18.5- 24.9 25- 29.9 >30

Question 35

______ is useful to determine regional adiposity Helps establish if body fat is peripheral or central obesity Gender specific Higher risk for obesity associated illness

Answer 35

Waist circumference

Question 36

Waist circumference High risk = ____ inches women ____ inches for men

Answer 36

>35 >40

Question 37

Subcutaneous fat is located where ?

Answer 37

Under fat

Question 38

Visceral fat is unhealthy because it is close to our ___

Answer 38

Organs

Question 39

Name some Type 2 diabetes treatments

Answer 39

Exercise Healthy food

Question 40

_____= energy intake - energy output

Answer 40

Body energy

Question 41

______= food we eat, digest , absorb

Answer 41

Energy input

Question 42

____= work+ heat(waste)

Answer 42

Energy output

Question 43

____= energy required at rest -dictated by age , male/female , lean muscle mass, level of activity , food ingestion, thyroid hormones and catecholamines, metabolic efficiency (genetics)

Answer 43

BMR

Question 44

____= desire for food

Answer 44

Appetite

Question 45

_____ sense of fullness

Answer 45

Satiety

Question 46

Hypothalamus contains 2 key control centres : ____ centre and ___ centre

Answer 46

Feeding and satiety

Question 47

4 types of input to the hypothalamus : -neural input from _____ Neural input from ___ system -___ hormones from GI tract -adipokines from ___ tissue

Answer 47

Cerebral Limbic Peptide Adipose

Question 48

______ theory Theory proposes that blood glucose levels ultimately control the feeding and satiety centres

Answer 48

Glucostatic theory

Question 49

____ theory - theory proposes that the level of body fat regulates the feeding and satiety centres Discovery of several peptides from adipose tissue seems to support this theory.

Answer 49

Lipostatic

Question 50

______ Increases in response to decreased body fat Increases in response to increased muscle mass Is impacted by macronutrient content of meals and can be regulated by diet

Answer 50

Ghrelin

Question 51

>__ % of adults are overweight /obese > 25% are obese

Answer 51

50 25