Practice CNS Test Questions Flashcards
What vitamin acts as a hormone?
Vitamin D
The hormone gastrin exerts the following:
increase of pepsinogen, increase esophageal pressure, gallbladder contraction and increase HCL
What primary organ is affected by CCK?
pancreas
What does the CCK stimulate?
secretion of pancreatic enzymes
What is the preferred fuels source for enterocytes?
glutamine
The bio availability of magnesium may be reduced by?
zinc
How are most amino acids and ions absorbed?
active transport
What mineral is a cofactor for carbonic anhydrase?
zinc
What is carbonic anhydrase?
make CO2 to carbonic acid
What is the site for the release of serotonin?
GI tract and spinal cord
Being in the 95 percentile means?
obese
EPA inhibits?
arachidonic acid metabolism
What mineral is associated with Keshans disease?
Selenium
What is Keshans disease
def. in selenium which causes a form of heart disease
What compound transports long chain fatty acids to mitochondria?
L-carnitine
a small amount go niacin can be synthesized from?
tryptophan
What happens when leptin resistance occurs?
fat gain
What is the preferred fuel source for colonocytes?
butyrate
Most iron is transported in the blood via the plasma carrier?
transferrin
A required prerequisite for the digestion of proteins is the HCL-dependent process called?
denaturation
Digestive enzyme secreted from the brush border of microvilli to help with digestion is?
sucrase
Grapefruit is contradicted with medications because it contains?
furanocoumarins
Deficiency of this nutrient is a consequence of long-term consumption of excessive zinc. What nutrient is it?
copper(high zinc intake can inhibit copper)
What nutrient, when in high amounts, could present symptoms of impaired renal function and tingling of hands and feet?
potassium
Decreased plasma glucose levels stimulate_____secretion by pancreatic alpha cells?
glucagon
The hormone that is synthesized in the adipose tissue and that signals satiety?
leptin
Beta-glucans are found in what food?
mushrooms
Which type of diarrhea causes blood loss, puss and mucous?
exudative
Which mineral is connected to restless leg syndrome?
iron
Use of anthracyline drugs inhibit the synthesis of?
co-Q10
If a client has pernicious anemia, they most likely are deficient in?
b12
What nutrient should be avoid before surgery?
-vitamin e because it acts as a blood thinner
What diet change would decrease cholesterol concentration?
decrease in saturated fat intake
What happens in response to injury hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia?
hyperglycemia
Keshans disease is a disease of what nutrient?
selenium
The body can convert tryptophan to what nutrient?
niacin
The body can synthesis niacin to tryptophan using what nutrients?
iron, b2 and b6
What is the purpose of aldosterone in relation to sodium and potassium control?
keeps sodium and potassium levels balanced by controlling blood pressure and fluids.
Which is no an intestinal gas: co2, o2, nitrogen, hydrogen or sulfur
sulfur
What also increases during metabolic alkalosis?
serum bicarbonate
What are triggers for thyroid dysfunction (4 examples)?
-pregnancy
-restrictive diets
-over exercising
-aging
A red sore tongue means the body is low in?
-b vitamins
-folate
-biotin
What nutrients are connected to acne?
-zinc
-vitamin a
-selenium
What is NH3?
ammonia
High levels of NH3 or ammonia is connected to?
liver disease
What nutrients are involved in wound healing?
vitamin e, c and zinc
1 pound is how many kilograms
2.205
How to calculate bmi with kilograms
weight/height^2 x 703
alpha-lionleic acid supports what experience for diabetics?
nerve pain
High levels of phosphorus cause excretion of what vitamin?
calcium
Do not take valerian root if on what type of medication?
anti-seizure
Are potatoes considered a night shade?
no
What diarrhea is connected to crohns disease?
mucosal
What foods have oxalates?
swiss chard, parsley and collards
Inflammatory bowel disease causes what type of urine?
acidic urine
What herb helps with heavy metal detox?
cilantro
What vitamin enhances selenium?
vitamin c
What vitamin supplementation should be taken for sickle cell anemia?
zinc
purine rich food examples
sardines, anchovies and various meat products
Calcium supports the absorption of what nutrient?
b12
What mineral is responsible for converting fat to glucose in the heart?
carnitie
Too much copper causes what disease?
Wilsons disease
microcytic anemia example?
iron deficiency
macocytic anemia example?
pernicious anemia
What nutrient is lost the quickest duet dialysis
folate
What medication will reduce calcium?
antacids
Ferrtin tells how much?
iron
Vitamin c recycles what nutrient ?
vitamin e
licorice can sooth what?
the stomach
Anthraylaclin drugs inhibit?
coq10
What nutrient enhance chromium?
vitamin c
What fruit can be eaten on ketogenic diet?
berries
Tryptophan can be converted to what b vitamin?
niacin
The conversion of tryptophan to niacin is accomplished by?
iron, b6 and b2
which mineral affect iron absorption?
calcium
What is parenteral nutrition?
feeding given to a patient who is unable to feed themselves by mouth
Bioflavnoids are found in what part of the fruit?
pulp
Hops in beer can increase?
prolactin
Macrobiotic diets are high in?
whole grains
What fiber helps with bowel movements?
insoluble fiber
What disorder causes a defect in the phenylalanine hydroxyls enzyme?
PKU or phenylketonuria
What mineral decreases iron?
manganese
Inadequate mixing of chyme is connected to what disease (digestive)?
crohns
What is enternal nutrition?
tube feeding by the gastro
What is paternal nutrition?
time feeding by the vein
Calcitonin does what when calcium levels are high?
stores calcium in the bones
PTH does what when calcium is low?
signals to release calcium
ALT enzyme is found in the?
liver
Smokers have a higher daily requirement than non-smokers for which vitamin?
vitamin c
Why do smokers need an increase in vitamin c?
to help combat oxidative stress
When HCL is low it causes a decrease in what minerals?
CA and FE
What is needed to form hemoglobin?
iron and copper
When a patient is obese what happens to their adipocytes cells?
hyperplasia and hypertrophy (as we gain wight our fat cells increase in size and in number leading to increased adipose tissue in the body)
What is hyperplasia?
cell number increases
What is hypertrophy?
cell size increases
What is achalasia?
dysfunction of the esophagus
What is gastritis?
inflammation of the stomach lining
What is steatorrhea?
fat in the stool
What is pinocytosis?
ingestion of water into cells
Deficiencies of iron generally result in which type of anemia?
microcytic
Megaloblastic anemia is specific to a deficiency of?
b12
Microcytic anemia is most specifically connected to?
-low b12
What is hemolytic anemia connected to?
RBCS being destroyed, which is connected to sickle cell and lupus.
What types of foods should be avoid on low residue diets?
fruit and dried fruit
What leads people to need a low residue diet?
diarrhea and inflammation of in the tract
What leads people to need a low residue diet?
diarrhea and inflammation of in the tract
What nutrient is decreased due to epileptic medications like phenytoin?
folate
calcium interferes with the absorption of?
iron
What foods are high in purines?
meat and seafood
What food should people with gout avoid?
purines?
What regulates (body areas) the blood levels of magnesium?
small intestine and kidneys
C-reactive protein is the most sensitive indicator for?
inflammation
In what form is most body fat stored?
triglycerides
What hormones stimulate glycogenolysis in the muscle and liver?
epinephrine and glucagon
What trace mineral is considered essential for normal brain function (chromium, vanadium, fluorine or manganese?)
manganese
What nutrient can interfere with hormone medication for thyroid?
iron
What mineral is need to oxidize iron?
copper
What does hydrophilic mean?
can dissolve in water
How many calories from: fat, carbs, protein and alcohol?
fat-9
carbs-4
protein-4
alcohol 7
how to calculate kcal?
of calories from macronutrient x number of calories from food
insulin stimulates_____and inhibits____
glycogenesis, gluconeogensis
What monosaccharide is the preferred energy source for the nervous system and the sole source of for the red blood cells?
glucose
Protein requirement increase by what percent for pregnant women?
25%
What are the essential amino acids?
There are 20 amino acids but only 9 (sometimes 10) are considered essential to humans. Leucine is an essential amino acid. The other choices are nonessential amino acids.
Phenylalanine
Valine
Tryptophan
Threonine
Isoleucine
Methionine
Histidine
Leucine
Lysine
What part of the fruit contains bioflavonoids?
The pulp
Which mineral mimics the effects of insulin on adipocytes?
Vanadium
What mineral potentates insulin?
Chromium
What vitamin can lead to neuropathy, ataxia and degeneration of neurons?
B6
What mineral can you find in almost all foods?
Phosphorus
What vitamin in connected to lower testosterone and sperm count?
Vitamin d
What vitamin helps fish oil stay good?
Vitamin e
What neurotransmitter can cause allergic reactions and impact mood?
Histamine
What botanical can cause urine to smell like maple syrup?
Fenugreek
Night eating syndrome may be related to an imbalance of what hormone?
Cortisol
How much low mercury fish to eat a week?
4 oz.
Safe internal temp for eggs?
150 f.
What type of anemia is red blood cell damage that leads to oxidative stress?
Hemolytic
