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CNS Exam > Glucose Metabolism, Endocrine Metabolism > Flashcards

Glucose Metabolism, Endocrine Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

In the presence of glucose what does the pancreas release?

A

insulin

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2
Q

What is the role of insulin in relation to glucose metabolism?

A

shuttle glucose to cells

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3
Q

How is glut4 connected to insulin?

A

GLUT4 transports glucose into muscle and fat cells

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4
Q

Outcome of glycolysis?

A

-1 glucose
-2 pyruvate
*produces energy

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5
Q

Does glycolysis require O2?

A

no

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6
Q

Outcome of glycogensis?

A

turns glucose into glycogen (stores glucose)

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7
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

turning stored glucose (glycogen) into glucose

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8
Q

What is gluconeogensis?

A

when there is no glucose, no glycogen and then body can create glucose from non carbohydrates (protein and fat)

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9
Q

What are normal glucose levels?

A

70-100 mg/dl

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10
Q

Some cells lack a mitochondria and cannot metabolize pyruvate. What do cells convert it to in this case?

A

lactate

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11
Q

Where does gluconeogensis occur in the body?

A

-primary in the liver (90%)
-also in the kidneys (10%)

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12
Q

What is the role of pyruvate kinase?

A

-an enzyme that catalyzes the last step of glycolysis, which generates the second ATP
-It turns PEP (phosphoenopyruvate) ADP

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13
Q

How is the thyroid involved in glucose metabolism?

A

can stimulates glycolysis

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14
Q

When glucose is low, what do the adrenals release?

A

epinephrine

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15
Q

What stage is ETC?

A

third stage in cellular respiration

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16
Q

What is the end products of ETC?

A

-28 molecules of ATP

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17
Q

Is O2 needed for ETC?

A

YES! one single O2 molecule is needed with the addition of electrons and protons ti make a molecule of water.

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18
Q

What is the main conversion in ETC?

A

turn oxygen molecules into water and then create ATP.

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19
Q

The 3 stages of cellular respiration?

A

glycolysis-citric acid cycle-electron transport chain

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20
Q

What are pancreatic B(beta)-cells?

A

endocrine cells that synthesize, store, and release insulin

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21
Q

What is beta cells role?

A

regulate glucose

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22
Q

When plasma glucose is low it triggers release of?

A

-glucagon
-glucocoricoid hormones
-epinephrine

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23
Q

What are the endocrine glands?

A

pituitary, pineal, adrenal, testes, ovaries, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas

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24
Q

What are the 8 hormones secreted by the pituitary?

A
  1. oxytocin
  2. ADH
  3. Growth hormone
  4. Thyroid hormone
  5. Adrenocorticotropic
  6. prolactin
  7. follicle stimulating
  8. Luteinizing
25
Q

What is oxytocin role?

A

-Released at childbirth, breastfeeding, during couple bonding.
-Plays a crucial role in uterine contractions, stimulate milk and involved in social bonding.

26
Q

What does ADH do?

A

Regulates it by controlling reabsorption of water in the renal tubules.

27
Q

What does the growth hormone do?

A

stimulate tissue and cell growth

28
Q

What does the thyroid hormone stimulate?

A

thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

29
Q

What does adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulate?

A

Produces cortisol and lays a role in stress response and metabolism.

30
Q

What does prolactin stimulate?

31
Q

What does follicle stimulation hormone or FSH release?

A

Stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles and in males stimulates sperm production.

32
Q

What does luteinizing or Lh stimulate?

A

Triggers ovulation and stimulates the production of progesterone

33
Q

What does the pineal gland produce?

A

melatonin, which helps us sleep

34
Q

What does the thyroid produce?

35
Q

What do T3 and T4 support?

A

Increases metabolism
Regulates tissue growth
Maintains bp

36
Q

What does the parathyroid produce?

37
Q

What does PTH regulate?

A

Regulates calcium and phosphate levels in the blood

38
Q

What does the pancreas secrete?

A

Secretes insulin and glucagon, which then regulates blood sugar levels.

39
Q

What does the adrenals release?

A

Adrenal cortex–>Corticosteroids
Medulla–>Catecholamines

40
Q

What does the Hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis regulate?

41
Q

What does the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis regulate?

A

Regulates sodium/potassium/water balance

42
Q

What are the two classes of hormones that are produced?

A

amino acid derived hormones
steroid derived hormones

43
Q

What are the 3 types of stimuli that cause the release of hormones?

A

-Humoral stimuli-Changes in concentrations in the bloodstream cause stimuli
-Neural stimuli–Stimulation by nerves fibers
-Hormonal stimuli–Another hormone causing another hormonal action

44
Q

When glucose is present what does the pancreas release?

A

Insulin, which helps shuttle glucose into cells

45
Q

What is insulin?

A

A hormone that assists glucose absorption into cells through the GLUT4 transporter.Transports glucose into muscle and fat cells.

46
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

-One molecule of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate for entry
-Only uses carbohydrates for this process
-Does Not need O2
-The pyruvate created is used in the TCA/CAC/Krebs cycle.
-This occurs in the mitochondria
-In red blood cells there is no mitochondria so the pyruvate turns into lactic acid.

47
Q

What is glycogenesis?

A

-Occurs when no glucose is needed
-Turns glucose into glycogen
-Storage in the liver and muscles

48
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

-Process of turning glycogen into usable glucose
-Stimulated by the release of glucagon from the pancreas when glucose is low,

49
Q

What is gluconeogensis?

A

-When the body has no glucogen and has to create glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates
-Occurs in the liver, kidneys or intestines

50
Q

What is a brief description of hyperthyroidism?

A

-Too many hormones sent out, the cells are given too much info and over active.
-Experiences high metabolism, faster heart rate, hot, anxious

51
Q

What is a brief description of hypothyroidism?

A

-Sends too few hormones
-Metabolism slows, weight gain, tired, cold, depression

52
Q

What happens when glucose is low, what do the adrenals do?

A

-Increase epinephrine and norepinephrine increase blood glucose by promoting glycogenolysis. Increased glucose is delivered to those organs that are capable of rapidly resisting stress.
-When glucose is low, the adrenals are stimulated to release epinephrine. Epinephrine signals the liver to either start glycogenolysis (turning glycogen into glucose) or gluconeogenesis (creating glucose from fats or protein).
-When someone is stressed, the body releases epinephrine (even if they don’t need the energy). This is how stress can affect weight.

53
Q

When the body needs more energy what does the thyroid stimulate?

A

The thyroid releases hormones to signal to increase metabolism

54
Q

Why is weight gain connected to hypothyroidism?

A

When carbohydrate intake is low, thyroid production is low.

55
Q

What does the thyroid regulate?

A

-metabolism
-glycolysis
-cholesterol

56
Q

What is the connection between hypothyroidism and cholesterol levels?

A

Reduced thyroid hormone levels can be associated with higher levels of LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol.

57
Q

What is the connection between hyperthyroidism and cholesterol levels?

A

Elevated thyroid hormone levels can lead to increased levels of LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol.

58
Q

Examples of monosaccharide?

A

glucose, ribose, galactose and fructose

CNS Exam (30 decks)

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