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CNS Exam > Digestion & Absorption > Flashcards

Digestion & Absorption Flashcards

1
Q

What is the alimentary tract?

A

digestive tract

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2
Q

What is bolus?

A

what food turns into following chewing

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3
Q

What enzymes help break down food?

A

amylase (protein) and lipase (fat) pepsin (protein)

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4
Q

What cells are present in the stomach to help break down?

A

chief cells, parietal cells, mucous cells, G cells

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5
Q

What is the purpose of chief cells?

A

-Secretes lipase which breaks down fats.
-Releases pepsinogen

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6
Q

What is the purpose of parietal cells?

A

-Secretes intrinsic factor
-Releases HCL, which is needed to convert pepsinogen to pepsin (to then breakdown proteins)

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7
Q

What is the purpose of intrinsic factor?

A

Needed for the absorption of B12 and HCL

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8
Q

What is the purpose of mucous cells?

A

-release mucus to protect stomach lining
-lubricates
-protect stomach lining

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9
Q

What is the purpose of gastrin?

A

Signals the release of HCL

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10
Q

What part of the small intestine is the primary part for nutrient absorption?

A

jejum and ileum

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11
Q

What is the last stop for food in the small intestine?

A

duodenum

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12
Q

What stimulates the release of secretin?

A

duodenum

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13
Q

When fat and protein enter the duodenum what is stimulated?

A

cholecystokinin

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14
Q

The presence of cholecystokinin in the duodudeum causes what?

A

It triggers the gallbladder and pancreas to contract, which then causes bile to be released. This way bile can combine with the food to turn into absorbable nutrients.

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15
Q

What is required for trypsin activation?

A

enterokinase

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16
Q

What are extozymes produced by?

A

enterocytes

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17
Q

What is the purpose of pancreatic bicarbonate?

A

Can decrease HCL into a weaker acid

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18
Q

Bile is stored in____and released by____

A

-stored in gallbladder
-released by liver

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19
Q

What water process is used to move nutrients through digestion?

A

osmosis

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20
Q

What is passive diffusion?

A

high concentration to low concentration

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21
Q

What uses passive diffusion?

A

lipids

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22
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

has a protein attached to transport

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23
Q

What uses facilitated diffusion?

A

carbohydrates

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24
Q

What is active transport?

A

low concentration to high concentration

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25
Q

What uses active transport?

A

proteins

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26
Q

What is the purpose of the intestinal barrier?

A

not allow any foreign or bad organisms into the gastrointestinal areas or the portal vein

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27
Q

What is the purpose of GALT?

A

first line of defense against foreign cells. It releases SIgA to support in this process.

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28
Q

What test is used to determine status of mucosal barrier?

A

lactulose test

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29
Q

What is glutathione?

A

-an intestinal anti-oxidant
-can help breakdown foreign products in digestion
-does not need B12 to do this

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30
Q

What fuels enterocytes?

A

glutamine

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31
Q

What happened in glutamine levels are low?

A

-cell death
-decrease in digestion ability

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32
Q

What is the role of the large intestine?

A

-reabsorb water
-fermentation of dietary fiber

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33
Q

What is the purpose in the fermentation of dietary fibers in the large intestine?

A
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34
Q

What are examples of soluble dietary fiber?

A

-beta-glucans
-ex: pectins, gums

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35
Q

How much dietary fiber do we need daily?

A

25-35 g

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36
Q

What are non fermentable fibers?

A

oats

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37
Q

What does the nervous system release to support the digestive process?

A

actetylcholine

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38
Q

What is the most common form of carbohydrate malabsorption?

A

lactose intolerance

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39
Q

What is the common form of protein malabsorption?

A

celiacs disease

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40
Q

What protein are individuals intolerant of if they have celiacs disease?

A

gliadin

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41
Q

What is the protein factor gliadin found in?

A

-wheat
-rye
-barley

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42
Q

What diet does and individual with celiacs disease follow?

A

gluten free

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43
Q

Fat malabsorption shows the following symptom?

A

steatorrhea

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44
Q

What is GERD?

A

burning sensation or acid reflux

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45
Q

What condition is connected to GERD?

A

obesity

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46
Q

What causes secretory diarrhea?

A

-vital infections
-drugs

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47
Q

What causes osmotic diarrhea?

A

-alcohol
-lactose intolerence

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48
Q

What areas are affected by Crohn’s disease?

A

any part of the digestive tract

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49
Q

What areas are affected by ulcerative colitis?

A

the colon

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50
Q

Cohn’s disease can lead to malabsorption of this major nutrient?

A

fat and fat soluble vitamins

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51
Q

Increase in this type of acids has shown to cause IBD?

A

linoleic acid

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52
Q

What is necessary for antimicrobial defense?

A

secretion of GALT and SIgA

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53
Q

If the intestinal barrier is harmed what needs to be supported?

A

GALT

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54
Q

What is the major intestinal antioxidant?

A

glutathione (GSH)

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55
Q

What is the fuel source for enterocytes?

A

glutamine

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56
Q

Gherlin stimulates?

57
Q

What do chief cells release?

A

lipase and pepsinogen

58
Q

What does pepsin break down?

59
Q

What do parietal cells release?

A

-intrinsic factor
-HCL

60
Q

What does in the intrinsic factor support?

A

B12 absorption

61
Q

What is stimulated when fat and protein enter the large intestine?

A

CCK or cholecystokinin

62
Q

What does CCK stimulate the release of?

A

bile from the gallbladder

63
Q

What does bile mix with to break down nutrients and aid in absorption?

A

pancreatic enzymes

64
Q

What are ectoenzymes responsible for?

A

-final breakdown in digestion
-located in small intestine
-break carbs into glucose and fructose
-proteins into amino acids

65
Q

What does amylase break down?

66
Q

What does lipase break down?

67
Q

What do chief cells release to break down fats?

68
Q

Besides lipase, what do chief cells release and synthesize?

A

pepsinogen

69
Q

What is pepsin (active form of pepsinogen) needed for?

A

break down of proteins

70
Q

What do parietal cells release?

A

intrinsic factor

71
Q

What is intrinsic factor needed for?

A

b12 absorption

72
Q

Besides intrinsic factor, what do parietal cells release?

A

HCL or hydrochloric acid

73
Q

What is HCL needed for?

A

-protein absorption
-kills pathogens in food
-activates pepsinogen to pepsin for break down of fats
-activates gastric intrinsic factor

74
Q

What converts pepsinogen to pepsin?

75
Q

Does the release of HCL decrease in increase stomach PH?

A

it decreases stomach PH

76
Q

Does pepsin formation need high stomach ph or low?

77
Q

What do G cells release?

78
Q

What does gastrin stimulate the release of?

A

gastin, when then stimulates the release of HCL

79
Q

What happens to food in the duodenum?

A

food break down

80
Q

What happens in the jejunum and ileum?

A

nutrient absorption

81
Q

The cells on the microvilli that are responsible for nutrient absorption are?

A

enterocytes

82
Q

What do enterocytes have?

A

microvilli

83
Q

What is the common bile shunt?

A

A shunt that carries bile from the liver–>gallbladder–>pancreas–>duodenum

84
Q

What stimulates bile release?

A

the presence of protein, fat and CCK

85
Q

What hormone stimulates bile release?

A

CCK or cholesctokinin

86
Q

What is the purpose of enterokinase in digestion?

A

-an enzyme that activates trypsinogen, which is needed to digest proteins.

87
Q

What does enterokinase activate in the small intestine?

A

trypsinogen aka makes it into trypsin

88
Q

Why do we need tyrpsinogen converted to trypsin?

A

to break down proteins in small intestine

89
Q

What is a mutations of enterokianse called?

A

is called enteropeptidase or congenital enteropeptidase deficiency

90
Q

What diseases are related to damaged microvilli?

A

celiac disease, tropical sprue, short bowel syndrome, IBD

91
Q

What is the purpose of ectoenzymes in digestion?

A

help with the final break down of carbs, protein and fats.

92
Q

Where is bile created and stored?

A

bile is created in the liver and stored in the gallbladder .

93
Q

What is bile up of?

A

Colic acid
Chenodeoxycholic acid
Taurine
Glycine
Cholesterol
Electrolytes
Wate

94
Q

What do bile salts covert fatty acids to?

A

water soluble fatty acids. Now they can be absorbed through the lymphatic fluid and head to the liver.

95
Q

What do fermented starches do?

A

Feed colonocytes and good bacteria
Help heal digestive lining
Boots immune system
Keeps cholesterol levels healthy

96
Q

Describe soluble fiber?

A

Beta glucans
Need 25-35 g daily
Mixes with water
Slows down food
Lowers blood sugar and cholesterol

97
Q

Describe insoluble fiber?

A

Cellulose
Fiber that won’t mix with water
Found on skin of fruit

98
Q

What type of fiber is psyllium?

A

non-fermentable

99
Q

What do fermented dietary fibers turn into?

A

short chain fatty acids (mostly butyrate)

100
Q

What are the 3 ways nutrients are absorbed?

A

passive, facilitated and active transport

101
Q

Describe passive, facilitated and active transport:

A

passive: high to low, used by fats

facilitated: high to low, with lipid soluble protein carrier, used by carbs

active: low to high, used by proteins

102
Q

How to maintain a healthy small intestine and tight junctions?

A

Healthy microbiota
Secretory IgA
It can bind to pathogens in the gut, which then neutralizes them.
Prevents excessive inflammation
GALT
Stands for gut associated lymphoid tissue, which is the collection of lymphoid tissues and immune cells located in the GI tract.
Need to support overall immune system
Protect against harmful pathogens
Peristaltic movement
The speed at which food flows
Filtration of enterocytes
Healthy mucosal lining

103
Q

What is the purpose of secretory of IgA?

A

-It can bind to pathogens in the gut, which then neutralizes them
-prevents inflammation

104
Q

What is GALT? What is its function?

A

-Stands for gut associated lymphoid tissue, which is the collection of lymphoid tissues and immune cells located in the GI tract.
-Need to support overall immune system
-Protect against harmful pathogens
-helps food move
-filtration of enterocytes
-supports healthy mucosal lining

105
Q

Define peristaltic movement?

A

the speed which food flows

106
Q

What compromises tight junctions?

A

-consuming foods we are allergic to
-high stress
-E. coli exposure
-h. pylori
-low bacterial diversity
-antibiotics use

107
Q

what is h. pylori?

A

type of bacteria that can colonize the stomach lining and cause go disorders

108
Q

What two nutrients are needed to maintain healthy barrier function in the GI?

A

Glutathione and glutamine

109
Q

What is glutathione?

A

-intestinal antioxidant
-reacts with free radicals to convert them to less harmful compounds and protect from oxidative stress
-made in the liver
-needs glutamine, glycine and cysteine to make glutathione

110
Q

Define a free radical.

A

unstable and high reactive molecules in the body. They have an unpaired election, which makes them eager to bind to the other molecules then become stable. They want to steal from others, which is why they are a problem.

111
Q

Define oxidative stress.

A

imbalance between harmful molecules aka free radicles and protective molecules aka antioxidants. when there are too many free radicals and not enough antioxidants, it leads to oxidative stress.

112
Q

What is glutamine?

A

-a type of amino acid
-fuel source or food for enterocytes
-heals the intestinal permeability
-one of the components to make glutathione
-keeps microvilli healthy

113
Q

What nutrients are absorbed in the stomach?

A

-water
-alcohol
-Copper
-B12

114
Q

What nutrients are absorbed in the duodenum?

A

-calcium
-folate
-MG
-iron
-A
-D

115
Q

What nutrients are absorbed in the jejunum?

A

-sugars
-lactose
-proteins
-fat

116
Q

What is absorbed in the stomach?

A

ethanol and water

117
Q

What are the functions of the large intestine?

A

-final part of digestion
-absorbs water, electrolytes and vitamins
-plays a crucial role in creation of short chain fatty acids

118
Q

what are the 3 main short chain fatty acids?

A

acetate, propionate and butyrate

119
Q

Role of short chain fatty acids?

A

-intestinal integrity and immune health–>promote production of mucin
-supplying energy to enterocytes in the late intestine–>specifically butyrate
-anti-inflammatory agents
-glucose homeostasis
-obesity regulation
-gene regulation

120
Q

How do short chain fatty acids support insulin?

A

SCFAS improve insulin sensitivity and regulating blood sugar levels.

121
Q

How do short chain fatty acids regulate obesity?

A

short chain fatty acids can influence the release of hormones that regulate appetite (this decreases the desire to eat)

122
Q

What cells on the microvilli are responsible for nutrient absorption?

A

enterocytes

123
Q

What inactive pancreatic enzymes are released with CCK?

124
Q

How do zymogens become active?

A

When enterokinase activates typisinogen into trypsin

125
Q

What is a mutation in enterokinase called?

A

enteropeptidase

126
Q

What are ectoenzymes?

A

involved in digestion. These enzymes are involved in the final breakdown of carbs, proteins and fats.

127
Q

Starches are broken down by?

A

gut bacteria through fermentation

128
Q

What are the by products of fermentation?

A

short chain fatty acids, specifically acetate, propionate and butyrate.

129
Q

Passive absorption is?

A

-high to low
-fat uses this

130
Q

Facilitated diffusion is?

A

-high to low, but attached to lipid soluble protein carrier
-carbs uses this

131
Q

Active transport is?

A

-low to high
-amino acids/proteins use this

132
Q

What is absorbed in the ileum?

A

b12 and bile salts

133
Q

What is absorbed in the colon?

A

-potassium
-water
-salt

134
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

-final part of digestion
-absorb water, electrolytes and vitamins
-fermentation of undigested carbohydrates to produce short chain fatty acids.

135
Q

What are the 3 main short chain fatty acids?

A

acetate, propionate and butyrate

136
Q

What is the role of short chain fatty acids?

A

-Intestinal integrity and immune health→promote –production of mucin
-Supplying energy to enterocytes in the large intestine→specifically butyrate
-Anti-inflammatory agents
-Glucose homeostasis

137
Q

How are SCFAS connected to glucose homeostasis?

A

SCFAS improve insulin sensitivity and regulating blood sugar levels

138
Q

What hormones does the pituitary secrete (8 total)?

A
  1. oxytocin
  2. ADH
  3. Growth hormone
  4. Thyroid stimulating
  5. Adrenocorticotropic
  6. Prolactin
  7. Follicle stimulating

CNS Exam (30 decks)

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