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Virology Orange > Poxviridae - Part 1 > Flashcards

Poxviridae - Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the subfamily of Poxviridae that causes poxvirus of vertebrates?

A

Chordopoxivinae

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2
Q

What is the subfamily of Poxviridae that causes poxvirus of insects?

A

Entomopoxvirinae

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3
Q

How many genera belong to the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae?

A

8 genera that infect humans, animals, and birds.

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4
Q

Describe the structure of poxviruses?

A

Large Sometimes enveloped DNA viruses Most are pleomorphic, typically brick shaped. Possess an irregular surface of projecting tubular or globular structures.

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5
Q

What do members of genus Parapoxvirus look like?

A

Ovid Covered with long thread-like surface tubules that appear to arranged in a crisscross fashion. Resembles a ball of yarn.

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6
Q

What are the two infectious poxvirus particles?

A

Intracellular mature virus (IMV) Extracellular enveloped virus (EEV) Both forms are infectious.

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7
Q

The extracellular forms contain which two membranes?

A

1) Envelope 2) Inner Membrane

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8
Q

T/F Virions that are released from cells by budding, rather than by cellular disruption, acquire the extra envelope that contains virus encoded-proteins from host cell membrane.

A

True.

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9
Q

T/F Intracellular viral particles (IMV) only have an inner membrane.

A

True. IMV may come out by disruption of host cell and only have an inner membrane.

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10
Q

What type of symmetry do Poxviruses have?

A

Complex symmetry. NOT icosahedral or helical!

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11
Q

What does the virion outer layer enclose?

A

A dumbbell-shaped core and two lateral bodies.

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12
Q

How many genes do Poxviruses have in their genome?

A

More than 200.

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13
Q

How many genes of the genome encode proteins that are contained in virions?

A

As many as 100.

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14
Q

What is the structural property of the genome of Poxviruses?

A

Single molecule of linear double-stranded DNA

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15
Q

What is the smallest type of Poxviruses? What is the size?

A

130 kbp – Parapoxvirus

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16
Q

What is the largest type of Poxviruses? What is the size?

A

375 kbp – Entomopoxviruses

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17
Q

Where does replication of Poxviruses occur predominantly?

A

Cytoplasm

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18
Q

Unlike other DNA viruses, Poxviruses have evolved to encode the enzymes required for what?

A

Transcription and replication of the viral genome.

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19
Q

How are virions released?

A

Budding (enveloped) Exocytosis Cell lysis- Most Common (non-enveloped)

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20
Q

T/F Both enveloped and non enveloped virions are infectious?

A

True

21
Q

Are enveloped or non enveloped virions taken up by cells more readily?

A

Enveloped. They appear to be more important in the spread of virions through the body of the animal.

22
Q

Which genus of Poxviruses produce a hemagglutinin?

A

Orthopoxviruses

23
Q

What makes enveloped Poxviruses different from other enveloped viruses?

A

They have high environmental stability and remain infectious over a period of several months in an ambient environment.

24
Q

Why are Poxviruses less sensitive to organic solvents/disinfectants compared to other enveloped viruses?

A

They have a low lipid content.

25
Q

T/F Poxviruses show an extraordinary high resistance to drying

A

True.

26
Q

T/F Poxviruses can survive for many years in dried scabs or other virus-laden material

A

True.

27
Q

What are the three modes of transmission between animals?

A

1) Wounds– Poxviruses cannot infect intact skin. 2) Respiratory route– IE) sheeppox 3) Mechanical transmission through biting arthropods.

28
Q

What type of cutaneous lesions do Poxviruses cause?

A

Epitheliotrophic.

29
Q

In what types of animals can Poxviruses cause systemic diseases?

A

Birds Wild Animals

30
Q

T/F Poxviruses are NOT species specific

A

FALSE. Most are host specific. The exception is Orthopoxvirus, which can infect a wide range of species.

31
Q

How do Poxviruses usually gain access to the systemic circulation?

A

The lymphatic system. Then a second viremia disseminates the virus back to the skin and other target organs.

32
Q

What are the steps of skin lesions in a Poxvirus infection?

A

1) Macule – flat red. 2) Papule – raise red. 3) Vesicle – Small blister 4) Pustule 5) Ulcer – epithelium ruptures/microbe discharged OR 5) Complication from ulcer or Scab/Scar

33
Q

What is the other name for Orthopoxvirus?

A

Cow Pox

34
Q

Where is cow pox endemic to?

A

Europe and Asia only.

35
Q

What are the hosts for cow pox?

A

Cattle, wild and domestic cats, humans, zoo animals **Remember: This is the only Poxvirus that is not species specific.

36
Q

What are the reservoir hosts for cow pox?

A

Rodents

37
Q

What are the three modes of transmission for cow pox in cows?

A

1) Cow-Cow transmission through an infected milker’s hands or teat cups. 2) Farm cats-Cow 3) Rodents–Cow

38
Q

What are the economic implications of cowpox in cows?

A

1) Losses to milk production due to soreness of teats 2) Mastitis that results from secondary bacterial infections

39
Q

What are the three modes of transmission of cowpox in cats?

A

1) Skin inoculation through a bite or wound. Rodents are the common source of infection. 2) Oro-nasal 3) Viral pneumonia in exotic cats.

40
Q

What are the clinical signs of cowpox in cats?

A

Primary- Single skin lesion on head, neck, or forelimb. It can be a small scabbed wound to a large abscess. Secondary- 1) 7-10 days later, widespread lesions begin to appear. 2) They become ulcerated papules in days 2-4. 3) Scab over and healing is complete by ~6 weeks.

41
Q

Other than skin lesions, what other clinical signs do ~20% of cats show when infected with cow pox?

A

Mild coryza or conjunctivitis

42
Q

How is cowpox transmitted to humans?

A

1) Direct contact to “cuddly” cats. 2) Rarely from zoo animals and rodents. 3) Virus is not commonly found in cattle, so chances of getting the virus is much less.

43
Q

What are the clinical signs of cowpox in humans?

A

1) Macropapular lesions on hands and face. 2) Enlarged painful local lymph nodes 3) Sore throat, vomiting, fever

44
Q

What is another type of Orthopoxvirus?

A

Monkey pox

45
Q

How is monkeypox transmitted to humans?

A

Primary- Direct contact with blood, bodily fluids, or rashes of infected animals– Squirrels, monkeys, rats. Secondary- Human to human through infected respiratory tract excretions.

46
Q

Where is monkeypox endemic to?

A

Remote villages in Central and West Africa, near rainforests

47
Q

What are the clinical signs of monkeypox in humans?

A

1) Invasion period (0-5 days): Fever, intense headache, lymphadenopathy, muscle pain. 2) Skin eruption period: Evolution of rash from maculo-papules (lesions with flat bases) to vesicles (small fluid filled blisters), pustules, followed by crusts.

48
Q

What are the other types of orthopoxviruses?

A

Virology Orange (34 decks)

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