PMHP Questions Flashcards
Using a graph showing D3t, mt and ft
What is D3t , mt and ft ?
- D3t = decayed deciduous teeth
- Mt = missing teeth (XLA or decayed)
- Ft = filled teeth
DMFT = in adults | dmft = in children
What is D/DMF , F/DMF and M/DMF?
D - indication of treatment need
F - indication of treatment provision
M - indication of treatment failure
Name 3 reasons why a d3mft show a difference between 2 areas? (3)
- Socioeconomic status
- Ethnicity status
- Individual health board involvement
At a population level, name 3 fluoride delivery methods? (3)
- Fluoridated water
- Fluoridated milk
- Fluoridated salt
What 3 interventions are done in scotland on a population basis? (4)
- Smoking ban in public areas
- School food policy
- Sugar tax
- Minimum wage/national living wage
What is PICO? (4)
- P = population
- I = intervention
- C = comparison
- O = outcome
Example of PICO from a chart?
- P - children with caries in primary teeth
- I - hall technique
- C - compared with standard technique
- O - Rate of failures
What is the relative risk?
- Ratio of risk of an event in the exposed group to the risk of an event in the unexposed group
- The level of increase of the disease in exposed group
If the RR is 1 = no difference in risk
No 0 values
What the confidence interval?
- The range of values the ARD will take in the population
- 95% = true population ARD
- It indicated certainty of evidence
- If overlaps 0 - null hypothesis
What are the 5 steps in clinical audits? (5)
- Identify problem or issue
- Set criteria or standards
- Observe practice and collect data
- compare performance with criteria and standards
- Implement change
What other things can be done other than audit?
- Peer review
- Quality improvement programme
- continued professional development (CPD)
What are the 6 dimensions of healthcare? explain each
- Safe - avoid harm to patients
- Timely - reduce waits and delays for patients and staff
- Efficient - avoiding waste of equipment, supplies, ideas and energy
- Equitable - providing care of same quality for everyone no matter the personal characteristics
- Effective - providing services based on scientific knowledge to all who could benefit and reframing from providing services for those who will not benefit
- Patient centered - provide care that is respectful of a responsive to individual patient preferences, needs and values
Intra oral signs of cocaine use
- Xerostomia
- Bruxism
- Attrition and erosion
- Temporomandibular joint pain
- Oronasal defects
- Chronic sinusitis
- Palatal perforation
What side effects are associated with opioid use? (5)
- addiction
- nausea
- drowsiness
- lethargy
- constipation
- paranoia
- respiratory depression
Complications of using LA with adrenaline in a patient with cocaine addiction?
- Increased adrenergic activity
- acute increase in blood pressure
- increase the risk of seizures
Cocaine effects on the body?
- increased heart rate (heart problems)
- Nausea
- Seizures
- Addiction
Side effects of heroin
- Dry mouth
- itching
- withdrawal symptoms such as headaches and anxiety/paranoia
- Cognitive impairment
What is methadone and what is it used for?
- A long acting opioid agonist that help manage withdrawal symptoms of people with dependance of opioids such as heroin
- It is also used for treatment of chronic pain
What group does methadone belong to ?
- Opioids class A drug
What is complications of methadone containing sugar?
- high caries and periodontal risk
What is the risk of sugar free preparation of methadone?
- Does not contain chloroform so could be injected
- May cause diarrhoea
What are the 3 types of consent ?
- Implied - patient actions or lack of action clearly indicates their wishes
- Verbal - patient clearly states their consent for procedure
- Written - patient signs declaration that they consent to procedure
What are the advantages of a split mouth study design?
- Both control and intervention group are exposed to same environment
- Each of the 2 treatments are randomly assigned to either the right or left side of the dentition in the same environment
- Increased efficiency
- Ability to compare treatment in same individual
- reduced inter-individual variability
How may you screen for alcohol abuse? (4)
Using screening tools such as
* AUDIT : alcohol use disorder identification test (questionnaire approved by WHO)
* Take history through CAGE
* Liver function test by GDP if concerned
* Fast alcohol screening test (questionnaire)
What is involved in CAGE alcohol screening?
Questions to ask patient during taking history to screen for alcohol abuse involving
C - have you felt that you should cut down alcohol?
A - have you ever got annoyed by criticism about your drinking?
G - have you ever felt guilty about your drinking ?
E - have you ever had alcohol the first thing in the morning because of a hangover?
What is FRAMES alcohol intervention?
- Feedback - about risks of alcohol
- Responsibility - it is the person own choice to decide
- Advice - 12 units per week with 2 alcohol free days
- Menu of options available
- Empathy - show empathy when talking to the patient
- Self efficacy - give a positive message such as “ you can do it!”
How do you calculate how many cigarettes pack a year?
- Used to quantify the cumulative exposure to cigarette smoking
- Number of packs per day x number of years
- there is 20 cigs in one pack
