Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BDS4 Exam Prep > Oral cancer > Flashcards

Oral cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 distinct disease patterns in oral cancer?

A
  • Oral cavity cancer
  • Oro-pharyngeal cancer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are 4 high risk sites in the oral cavity for oral cancer?

A
  • FoM
  • Lateral border of the tongue
  • Soft palate
  • Retromolar regions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In most cases of oral cancer which 2 sites have the highest incidence?

A
  • Tongue
  • Tonsils
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why are the rated of oropharyngeal cancer rapidly rising in high income areas?

A

Lined to the rising HPV pandemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How many times more likely does a person who smokes will get cancer ?

A

x2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How many times more likely does a person who drinks will get cancer ?

A

x2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How many times more likely does a person who smokes and drinks will get cancer ?

A

x5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In drinking, which will increase the risk of cancer more , the duration or the frequency?

A

Frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In smoking, which will increase the risk of cancer more frequency or duration?

A

duration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How many times more likely does a person who uses betel quid will get cancer ?

A

x2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How many times more likely does a person who is from a low socioeconomic background will get cancer ?

A

x2 , especially low income and low education level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What part of the family history is important to acquire to assess the risk of head and neck cancer?

A

1st degree relative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What other risk factors can be associated with oral cancer other than socioeconomic status, gender, smoking, drinking , paan and family history?

A
  • Poor oral hygiene
  • Sexual activity
  • Poor diet
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Give 4 potentially malignant lesions?

A
  • Leukoplakia
  • Erythroplakia
  • Lichen planus - candidal leukoplakia, chronic hyperplastic candidiasis
  • Oral submucous fibrosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is dysplasia grading based on?

A
  • Cellular atypia
  • Epithelial architectural organisation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the catagories of dysplasia?

A
  • Low grade
  • High grade
  • Carcinoma in situ
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are cytological changes?

A

Changes in individual cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Give 4 examples of cytological changes?

A
  • Abnormal nuclear size
  • Abnormal nuclear shape
  • Abnormal cell shape
  • Abnormal cell size
  • nuclear hyperchromatism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are architectural changes?

A

changes in organisation of maturation and layering of the epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

4 examples of architectural changes?

A
  • irregular epithelial stratification
  • loss of basal cells polarity
  • drop shaped rete pegs
  • Abnormal keratinisation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How does low grade dysplasia appear? Give 5 signs?

A

Squamous epithelium can be distinguished
* Architectural change in lower third
* increased keratin production
* Stratification
* well defined tumour islands
* well formed basal cell layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does high grade dysplasia appear? Give 4 signs?

A

Show little resemblance to a normal sqaumous epithelium
* Architectural change in upper third
* increased atypia
* non-cohesive invasion pattern
* Prominent mitotic figures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What can be a predictor of cancer prognosis?

A

Degree of differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is cacinoma in situ?

A
  • Abnormal archteccture involving the full thickness of epithelium with severe cytological atypia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the histological prognostic factors of cancer? (4)
* Pattern of invasion * Depth of invasion * Perineural invasion * Invasion of vessels
26
What does the field cancerisation concept suggest?
large tissue areas (>5cm) are more likely to develop multiple cancers due to widespread genetic damage from carcinogens
27
Which system is oral cancer staged on?
TNM
28
What are 2 risk factors for lip cancer?
Smoking and sunlight
29
Why does lip cancer have good prognosis in the early stages ?
* slow growth * local invasion * rarely metastasise to nodes
30
How can lip cancer present ?
non healing ulcers or swelling on the lower lip
31
Which tool can be used for oral cancer screening?
Oral cancer recognition toolkit
32
4 examples of screening aids for oral cancer other than the oral cancer recognition toolkit?
* HPV 16 screening * Toluidene blue * VELscope * Photodynamic diagnosis
33
What is the disadvantage of toluidine blue?
50% false negatives
34
How does VELscope work?
Autofluorescence of tissue with blue light , loss of fluorescence equate to change which may be cancer
35
According to WHO what does a potentially malignant lesion mean?
* altered tissue in which cancer is more likely to form
36
According to WHO what does a potentially malignant condition mean?
A generalised state with increased cancer risk
37
What 4 systemic conditions are considered as potentially malignant?
* Lichen planus * Oral submucous fibrosis * Iron deficiency * Tertiary syphilis
38
What 2 types of leukoplakia can be considered to have a high malignant potential?
* Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis * Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia
39
What area of the mouth does chronic hyperplastic candidiosis can affect?
Commissures , in smokers
40
What 3 histological features in chronic hyperplastic candidosis?
* Dysplasia in lower third * Mitotic figures * collection of neutrophils in the epithelium
41
What stain is used to demonstrate candida albicans hyphae?
Periodic Schiff stain
42
What are 3 managements for chronic hyperplastic candidosis?
* Systemic antifungals - Fluconazole * Biopsy * Smoking advice
43
Which area in the world might be considered as high incidence?
India
44
How many times does leukoplakia more likely to progress into cancer than normal mucosa?
50 to 100
45
From what does most oral carcinomas rise in the UK?
Clinically normal mucosa
46
What is this?
Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia
47
What are 4 predictors factors of leukoplakia malignancy?
* Age and gender * Idiopathic * Site * Clinical appearance - non homogenous
48
Which site is considered high risk for leukoplakia malignancy?
FoM and tongue
49
Which white lesion has the most malignancy transformation?
* Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia
50
What 3 things histologically are a predictor of malignancy in leukoplakia?
* Dysplasia * Atrophy * Candida infection
51
What is dysplasia?
disordered maturation in a tissue
52
What is atypia ?
Changes in cells
53
What are the criteria for diagnosing malignancy?
* Architectural changes * Cytological abnormalities
54
According to WHO classification 2005 , how is epithelial dysplasia graded?
* Hyperplasia * Mild * Moderate * Severe * Carcinoma in situ
55
What is involved in hyperplasia (4) ?
* increased basal cell numbers * basal compartment is larger * no cellular atypia
56
What is involved in mild dysplasia? (2)
* architectural changes in lower third * Mild atypia ; hyperchromatism, pleomorphism
57
What is involved in moderate dysplasia? (2)
* Archtectural change in middle third * Moderate atypia
58
What is involved in severe dysplasia?
* Architectural changes extend to upper third * Severe atypia and numerous mitoses
59
What is the gold standard for confirming a malignancy?
Histopathology
60
What are the two main factors in carcinogenesis?
* Genetic * Environmental
61
What is the molecular basis of cancer?
Damage leads to altered gene expression leads to altered cell function
62
List 3 genetics involved in oral cancer?
* Genes that regulate apoptosis * Genes involved in DNA repair * Oncogenes * Tumour suppressor genes
63
80% cancers are considered what in case of differentiation?
Moderately differentiated
64
What are 3 subtypes of OSCC?
* Verrucous carcinoma * Spindle cell * Basaloid squamous

BDS4 Exam Prep (72 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions