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BMSC Regional Gross Anatomy 2 > Plantar surface of the foot > Flashcards

Plantar surface of the foot Flashcards

1
Q

what bones make up the hindfoot

A

talus and calcaneus

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2
Q

what is the name of the broad medial projection of the calcaneus on which the talus rests

A

sustentaculum tali

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3
Q

what bones make up the midfoot

A

navicular, cuboid and 3 cuneiforms (medial, intermediate and lateral)

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4
Q

what shape are the cuneiforms

A

wedge shaped - smaller inferiorly

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5
Q

there is an indentation on the inferior surface of the cuboid for what

A

accommodates peroneus longus tendon as it crosses sole of foot to attach to medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal

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6
Q

what bones are in the forefoot

A

metatarsals and phalanges

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7
Q

there are 2 sesamoid bones within a tendon of the foot near the head of the first metatarsal, which tendon is it

A

flexor hallucis brevis tendon (2 tendons, one each side)

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8
Q

how many tarsal bones are there in the foot

A

7

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9
Q

how many metatarsals are there in the foot

A

5

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10
Q

how many phalanges are in the foot

A

14

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11
Q

describe the deep fascia of the plantar surface of the foot

A

thick central portion (plantar aponeurosis) and weaker medially and laterally

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12
Q

what is the plantar aponeurosis

A

superficial ligament formed by the central portion of the deep fascia

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13
Q

what is the proximal attachment of the plantar aponeurosis

A

calcaneus

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14
Q

what is the distal attachment of the plantar aponeurosis

A

divides into 5 bands distally which are continuous with the fibrous digital sheaths

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15
Q

how are the muscles of the plantar surface of the foot divided into 3 compartments

A

from the edges of the plantar aponeurosis you get vertical intermuscular septae which divide into compartments

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16
Q

what are the 5 compartments of the foot

A

lateral central and medial compartment (plantar surface)
interossei
muscles of dorsum of foot

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17
Q

what are the muscles of the dorsum of the foot

A

extensor digitorum brevis

extensor hallucis brevis

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18
Q

what are the muscles of the lateral compartment of the foot

A

muscles of the little toe - abductor digiti minimi

flexor digiti minimi brevis

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19
Q

what are the muscles of the medial compartment of the foot

A

muscles of the great toe

  • abductor hallucis
  • flexor hallucis brevis
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20
Q

where are the dorsal and plantar interossei found

A

between the metatarsals

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21
Q

what are the muscles of the central compartment of the foot

A 
flexor digitorum brevis
muscles associated with the tendon of FDL( lumbricals and quadratus plantae)
adductor hallucis (deeper)
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22
Q

what muscles are associated with the tendon of FDL

A

lumbricals and quadratus plantae

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23
Q

the foot is more commonly divided into what

A

layers 1 2 3 4

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24
Q

what are the muscles of layer 1 of the foot

A

abductor hallucis
flexor digitorum brevis
abductor digiti minimi

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25
Q

layer 1 of the foot has muscles from what layers

A

all 3 layers
abductor hallucis - medial
flexor digitorum brevis - central
abductor digiti minimi - lateral

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26
Q

what are the attachments of abductor hallucis

A

medial tubercle of calcaneus and flexor retinaculum to the medial base of the proximal phalanx

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27
Q

what are the attachments of flexor digitorum brevis

A

medial tubercle of calcaneus to the middle phalanges of lateral 4 toes

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28
Q

what are the attachments of abductor digiti minimi

A

medial and lateral tubercle of calcaneus to the lateral base of the proximal phalanx

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29
Q

what muscle is directly deep to the plantar aponeurosis and can sometimes adhere strongly to it

A

flexor digitorum brevis

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30
Q

muscles of layer 2 of the foot are associated with what compartment

A

central

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31
Q

what tendons are present in layer 2 of the foot

A

long flexor tendons - Flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus

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32
Q

what muscles are present in layer 2 of the foot

A

lumbricals

quadratus plantae

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33
Q

where do the lumbricals arise from and attach

A

medial side of each tendon of FDL (4) to medial side of the dorsal tendon expansion

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34
Q

what is the function of the lumbricals

A

flex the MTP joint and extend the IP joint of the toe they are associated with

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35
Q

what are the attachments of quadratus plantae

A

medial and lateral surfaces of calcaneus to the lateral side of the FDL tendon

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36
Q

what is the function of quadratus plantae

A

straightens the action of FDL when it flexes the toes because it tends to pull toes medially as it enters foot from this side - quadratus plantae counteracts the medial pull

37
Q

FDB is in layer 1 but tendon of FDL is in layer 2 meaning tendon of FDB is more superficial - what does this mean re attachments

A

FDB splits and is attached to either side of the middle phalanx - gap allows tendon of FDL to pass through to reach distal phalanx

38
Q

what are the muscles of layer 3 of the foot

A

flexor hallucis brevis
adductor hallucis
flexor digiti minimi brevis

39
Q

muscles of layer 3 of the foot are from what compartment

A

one from each compartment;
flexor hallucis brevis - medial comp
adductor hallucis - central comp
flexor digiti minimi brevis - lateral comp

40
Q

what are the attachments of flexor hallucis brevis

A

cuboid and lateral cuneiform to both sides of the base of the proximal phalanx of hallux

41
Q

what are the attachments of adductor hallucis

A

tranverse head: plantar ligament of the MTP joints
oblique head: base of metatarsals 2-4
to the lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of hallux

42
Q

what is the proximal attachment of the transverse head of adductor hallucis

A

plantar ligament of the MTP joints

43
Q

what is the proximal attachment of the oblique head of adductor hallucis

A

base of metatarsals 2-4

44
Q

what are the attachments of flexor digiti minimi brevis

A

base of 5th metatarsal to the base of the proximal phalanx of 5th digit

45
Q

what are the muscles of layer 4 of the foot

A

interossei

  • 3 x plantar
  • 4 x dorsal
46
Q

how many plantar interossei are there

47
Q

how many dorsal interossei are there

48
Q

are the dorsal or plantar interossei unipennate

A

plantar interossei are unipennate

dorsal interossei are bipennate

49
Q

what is the function of the plantar interossei

A

adduct (PAD)

50
Q

what is the function of the dorsal interossei

A

abduct (DAB)

51
Q

what is the axial digit of the foot

52
Q

can the 2nd toe be abductor or adducted

A

cannot be adducted

can be abducted in both directions

53
Q

what interossei cause abduction of the toes

54
Q

what interossei cause adduction of the toes

55
Q

what are the attachments of the plantar interossei

A

bases and medial side of metatarsals 3-5 (unipennate)

to the medial side of the proximal phalanx of 3rd - 5th digit

56
Q

what are the attachments of the dorsal interossei

A

adjacent sides of metatarsals 1-5 (bipennate)
to
1st: medial side of proximal phalanx of 2nd digit
2nd - 4th: lateral side of proximal phalanx of 2nd to 4th digits

57
Q

what tendons are present in layer 4

A

peroneus longus and tibialis posterior

58
Q

what ligament passes superficial to the tendon of peroneus longus

A

long plantar ligament

59
Q

the plantar nerves are terminal branches of what

A

tibial nerve

60
Q

the tibial nerve passes _____ to the medial malleolus

61
Q

the tibial nerve passes posterior to the medial malleolus, deep to flexor retinaculum then divides into what terminal branches

A

medial and lateral plantar nerves

62
Q

the medial and lateral plantar nerves pass ___ to abductor hallucis to enter foot

63
Q

medial plantar nerve passes between what 2 structures

A

abductor hallucis and flexor digitorum brevis

64
Q

the lateral plantar nerve passes between what 2 layers

65
Q

the lateral plantar nerve passes __ to FDB muscle then gives off deep and superfical branches - which branch passes backwards

A

deep

deep branch passes backwards and runs deep to adductor hallucis

66
Q

the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve passes between what 2 layers of the foot

67
Q

what muscles of the foot does the medial plantar nerve supply

A

abductor hallucis
flexor digitorum brevis
1st lumbrical
flexor hallucis brevis

68
Q

the medial plantar nerve runs along medial side of foot between what muscles

A

abductor hallucis and flexor digitorum brevis

69
Q

what nerve supplies all other muscles in the foot

A

lateral plantar nerve

70
Q

the medial and lateral plantar nerves are both what route

71
Q

what muscles of the foot does the medial plantar nerve supply

A

abductor hallucis
flexor digitorum brevis
1st lumbrical
flexor hallucis brevis

72
Q

the dorsal lateral cutaneous nerve of foot is a terminal branch of what

A

sural nerve

73
Q

what provides cutaneous innervation to the 1st web space

A

deep peroneal nerve

74
Q

what provides cutaneous innervation to the medial malleolus

75
Q

what provides cutaneous innervation to the dorsum of the foot

A

superficial peroneal nerve

76
Q

what provides cutaneous innervation to the lateral aspect of the foot

A

sural nerve (dorsal lateral cutaneous nerve)

77
Q

what is the cutanous innervation of the medial plantar nerve

A

plantar surface of foot and 3 and a half toes (big toe, 2nd 3rd and half 4th), not heel

78
Q

what is the innervation of the plantar surface of the heel area

A

calcaneal branches

79
Q

what is the cutaneous innervation of the lateral plantar nerve

A

lateral plantar surface of foot - little toe and half of 4th digit

80
Q

the plantar arteries are terminal branches of what artery

A

posterior tibial

81
Q

describe the course of the posterior tibial artery entering foot

A

passes into foot deep to flexor retinaculum and gives off medial and lateral plantar arteries which enter foot deep to abductor hallucis

82
Q

what does the medial plantar artery supply

A

muscles of the hallux and overlying skin and sometimes gives a superficial plantar arch

83
Q

between what layers can the lateral plantar artery be found initially

A

between layers 1 and 2

84
Q

does the medial or lateral plantar artery give rise to the deep plantar arch

A

lateral plantar artery

85
Q

where can the deep plantar arch be found

A

between layers 3 and 4

86
Q

what does the deep plantar arch anastomose with

A

deep plantar artery form dorsalis pedis

87
Q

the lateral plantar artery can be found just deep to what muscle

A

flexor digitorum brevis

88
Q

the deep plantar arch gives off what branches

A

plantar metatarsal which ultimately form digital arteries

BMSC Regional Gross Anatomy 2 (36 decks)

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