Plantar surface of the foot

Question 1

what bones make up the hindfoot

Answer 1

talus and calcaneus

Question 2

what is the name of the broad medial projection of the calcaneus on which the talus rests

Answer 2

sustentaculum tali

Question 3

what bones make up the midfoot

Answer 3

navicular, cuboid and 3 cuneiforms (medial, intermediate and lateral)

Question 4

what shape are the cuneiforms

Answer 4

wedge shaped - smaller inferiorly

Question 5

there is an indentation on the inferior surface of the cuboid for what

Answer 5

accommodates peroneus longus tendon as it crosses sole of foot to attach to medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal

Question 6

what bones are in the forefoot

Answer 6

metatarsals and phalanges

Question 7

there are 2 sesamoid bones within a tendon of the foot near the head of the first metatarsal, which tendon is it

Answer 7

flexor hallucis brevis tendon (2 tendons, one each side)

Question 8

how many tarsal bones are there in the foot

Answer 8

7

Question 9

how many metatarsals are there in the foot

Answer 9

5

Question 10

how many phalanges are in the foot

Answer 10

14

Question 11

describe the deep fascia of the plantar surface of the foot

Answer 11

thick central portion (plantar aponeurosis) and weaker medially and laterally

Question 12

what is the plantar aponeurosis

Answer 12

superficial ligament formed by the central portion of the deep fascia

Question 13

what is the proximal attachment of the plantar aponeurosis

Answer 13

calcaneus

Question 14

what is the distal attachment of the plantar aponeurosis

Answer 14

divides into 5 bands distally which are continuous with the fibrous digital sheaths

Question 15

how are the muscles of the plantar surface of the foot divided into 3 compartments

Answer 15

from the edges of the plantar aponeurosis you get vertical intermuscular septae which divide into compartments

Question 16

what are the 5 compartments of the foot

Answer 16

lateral central and medial compartment (plantar surface)
interossei
muscles of dorsum of foot

Question 17

what are the muscles of the dorsum of the foot

Answer 17

extensor digitorum brevis

extensor hallucis brevis

Question 18

what are the muscles of the lateral compartment of the foot

Answer 18

muscles of the little toe - abductor digiti minimi

flexor digiti minimi brevis

Question 19

what are the muscles of the medial compartment of the foot

Answer 19

muscles of the great toe

• abductor hallucis
• flexor hallucis brevis

Question 20

where are the dorsal and plantar interossei found

Answer 20

between the metatarsals

Question 21

what are the muscles of the central compartment of the foot

Answer 21

flexor digitorum brevis
muscles associated with the tendon of FDL( lumbricals and quadratus plantae)
adductor hallucis (deeper)

Question 22

what muscles are associated with the tendon of FDL

Answer 22

lumbricals and quadratus plantae

Question 23

the foot is more commonly divided into what

Answer 23

layers 1 2 3 4

Question 24

what are the muscles of layer 1 of the foot

Answer 24

abductor hallucis
flexor digitorum brevis
abductor digiti minimi

Question 25

layer 1 of the foot has muscles from what layers

Answer 25

all 3 layers abductor hallucis - medial flexor digitorum brevis - central abductor digiti minimi - lateral

Question 26

what are the attachments of abductor hallucis

Answer 26

medial tubercle of calcaneus and flexor retinaculum to the medial base of the proximal phalanx

Question 27

what are the attachments of flexor digitorum brevis

Answer 27

medial tubercle of calcaneus to the middle phalanges of lateral 4 toes

Question 28

what are the attachments of abductor digiti minimi

Answer 28

medial and lateral tubercle of calcaneus to the lateral base of the proximal phalanx

Question 29

what muscle is directly deep to the plantar aponeurosis and can sometimes adhere strongly to it

Answer 29

flexor digitorum brevis

Question 30

muscles of layer 2 of the foot are associated with what compartment

Answer 30

central

Question 31

what tendons are present in layer 2 of the foot

Answer 31

long flexor tendons - Flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus

Question 32

what muscles are present in layer 2 of the foot

Answer 32

lumbricals | quadratus plantae

Question 33

where do the lumbricals arise from and attach

Answer 33

medial side of each tendon of FDL (4) to medial side of the dorsal tendon expansion

Question 34

what is the function of the lumbricals

Answer 34

flex the MTP joint and extend the IP joint of the toe they are associated with

Question 35

what are the attachments of quadratus plantae

Answer 35

medial and lateral surfaces of calcaneus to the lateral side of the FDL tendon

Question 36

what is the function of quadratus plantae

Answer 36

straightens the action of FDL when it flexes the toes because it tends to pull toes medially as it enters foot from this side - quadratus plantae counteracts the medial pull

Question 37

FDB is in layer 1 but tendon of FDL is in layer 2 meaning tendon of FDB is more superficial - what does this mean re attachments

Answer 37

FDB splits and is attached to either side of the middle phalanx - gap allows tendon of FDL to pass through to reach distal phalanx

Question 38

what are the muscles of layer 3 of the foot

Answer 38

flexor hallucis brevis adductor hallucis flexor digiti minimi brevis

Question 39

muscles of layer 3 of the foot are from what compartment

Answer 39

one from each compartment; flexor hallucis brevis - medial comp adductor hallucis - central comp flexor digiti minimi brevis - lateral comp

Question 40

what are the attachments of flexor hallucis brevis

Answer 40

cuboid and lateral cuneiform to both sides of the base of the proximal phalanx of hallux

Question 41

what are the attachments of adductor hallucis

Answer 41

tranverse head: plantar ligament of the MTP joints oblique head: base of metatarsals 2-4 to the lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of hallux

Question 42

what is the proximal attachment of the transverse head of adductor hallucis

Answer 42

plantar ligament of the MTP joints

Question 43

what is the proximal attachment of the oblique head of adductor hallucis

Answer 43

base of metatarsals 2-4

Question 44

what are the attachments of flexor digiti minimi brevis

Answer 44

base of 5th metatarsal to the base of the proximal phalanx of 5th digit

Question 45

what are the muscles of layer 4 of the foot

Answer 45

interossei - 3 x plantar - 4 x dorsal

Question 46

how many plantar interossei are there

Answer 46

3

Question 47

how many dorsal interossei are there

Answer 47

4

Question 48

are the dorsal or plantar interossei unipennate

Answer 48

plantar interossei are unipennate | dorsal interossei are bipennate

Question 49

what is the function of the plantar interossei

Answer 49

adduct (PAD)

Question 50

what is the function of the dorsal interossei

Answer 50

abduct (DAB)

Question 51

what is the axial digit of the foot

Answer 51

2nd toe

Question 52

can the 2nd toe be abductor or adducted

Answer 52

cannot be adducted | can be abducted in both directions

Question 53

what interossei cause abduction of the toes

Answer 53

dorsal

Question 54

what interossei cause adduction of the toes

Answer 54

plantar

Question 55

what are the attachments of the plantar interossei

Answer 55

bases and medial side of metatarsals 3-5 (unipennate) | to the medial side of the proximal phalanx of 3rd - 5th digit

Question 56

what are the attachments of the dorsal interossei

Answer 56

adjacent sides of metatarsals 1-5 (bipennate) to 1st: medial side of proximal phalanx of 2nd digit 2nd - 4th: lateral side of proximal phalanx of 2nd to 4th digits

Question 57

what tendons are present in layer 4

Answer 57

peroneus longus and tibialis posterior

Question 58

what ligament passes superficial to the tendon of peroneus longus

Answer 58

long plantar ligament

Question 59

the plantar nerves are terminal branches of what

Answer 59

tibial nerve

Question 60

the tibial nerve passes _____ to the medial malleolus

Answer 60

posterior

Question 61

the tibial nerve passes posterior to the medial malleolus, deep to flexor retinaculum then divides into what terminal branches

Answer 61

medial and lateral plantar nerves

Question 62

the medial and lateral plantar nerves pass ___ to abductor hallucis to enter foot

Answer 62

deep

Question 63

medial plantar nerve passes between what 2 structures

Answer 63

abductor hallucis and flexor digitorum brevis

Question 64

the lateral plantar nerve passes between what 2 layers

Answer 64

1 and 2

Question 65

the lateral plantar nerve passes __ to FDB muscle then gives off deep and superfical branches - which branch passes backwards

Answer 65

deep | deep branch passes backwards and runs deep to adductor hallucis

Question 66

the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve passes between what 2 layers of the foot

Answer 66

3 and 4

Question 67

what muscles of the foot does the medial plantar nerve supply

Answer 67

abductor hallucis flexor digitorum brevis 1st lumbrical flexor hallucis brevis

Question 68

the medial plantar nerve runs along medial side of foot between what muscles

Answer 68

abductor hallucis and flexor digitorum brevis

Question 69

what nerve supplies all other muscles in the foot

Answer 69

lateral plantar nerve

Question 70

the medial and lateral plantar nerves are both what route

Answer 70

S2 S3

Question 71

what muscles of the foot does the medial plantar nerve supply

Answer 71

abductor hallucis flexor digitorum brevis 1st lumbrical flexor hallucis brevis

Question 72

the dorsal lateral cutaneous nerve of foot is a terminal branch of what

Answer 72

sural nerve

Question 73

what provides cutaneous innervation to the 1st web space

Answer 73

deep peroneal nerve

Question 74

what provides cutaneous innervation to the medial malleolus

Answer 74

saphenous

Question 75

what provides cutaneous innervation to the dorsum of the foot

Answer 75

superficial peroneal nerve

Question 76

what provides cutaneous innervation to the lateral aspect of the foot

Answer 76

sural nerve (dorsal lateral cutaneous nerve)

Question 77

what is the cutanous innervation of the medial plantar nerve

Answer 77

plantar surface of foot and 3 and a half toes (big toe, 2nd 3rd and half 4th), not heel

Question 78

what is the innervation of the plantar surface of the heel area

Answer 78

calcaneal branches

Question 79

what is the cutaneous innervation of the lateral plantar nerve

Answer 79

lateral plantar surface of foot - little toe and half of 4th digit

Question 80

the plantar arteries are terminal branches of what artery

Answer 80

posterior tibial

Question 81

describe the course of the posterior tibial artery entering foot

Answer 81

passes into foot deep to flexor retinaculum and gives off medial and lateral plantar arteries which enter foot deep to abductor hallucis

Question 82

what does the medial plantar artery supply

Answer 82

muscles of the hallux and overlying skin and sometimes gives a superficial plantar arch

Question 83

between what layers can the lateral plantar artery be found initially

Answer 83

between layers 1 and 2

Question 84

does the medial or lateral plantar artery give rise to the deep plantar arch

Answer 84

lateral plantar artery

Question 85

where can the deep plantar arch be found

Answer 85

between layers 3 and 4

Question 86

what does the deep plantar arch anastomose with

Answer 86

deep plantar artery form dorsalis pedis

Question 87

the lateral plantar artery can be found just deep to what muscle

Answer 87

flexor digitorum brevis

Question 88

the deep plantar arch gives off what branches

Answer 88

plantar metatarsal which ultimately form digital arteries