Pharynx Flashcards
1
Q
where does the pharynx extend from
A
base of the skull to the oesophagus
2
Q
what lines the nasopharynx
A
same as rest of nasal cavity - delicate respiratory epithelia (ciliated columnar epithelium)
3
Q
the pharynx except for the nasopharynx is lined with what
A
stratified squamous epithelium - same as the oesophagus
4
Q
why is the rest of the pharynx lined with stratified squamous epithelium
A
to compensate for the abrasion of the wall from passing food
5
Q
where does the pharynx join the oesophagus
A
C6
6
Q
the strong muscular layer of the oesophagus is for what
A
push food from the oral cavity into the oesophagus
7
Q
the fibrous layer of the pharynx under the epithelium connects to what
A
base of skull and into submucous coat of the oesophagus
8
Q
describe the structure of the muscular pharynx layer
A
almost circular constrictor muscles and longitudinal muscles
9
Q
the upper end of the pharynx is what shape
A
funnel
10
Q
what are the 3 divisions of the pharynx
A
nasopharynx
oropharynx
larnygopharynx
11
Q
where is the nasopharynx
A
posterior to the nasal cavities above the soft palate
12
Q
where is the oropharynx
A
posterior to the mouth between the soft palate and upper border of epiglottis
13
Q
where is the laryngopharynx
A
passes posterior to the larynx to blend with the oesophagus
14
Q
what is contained in the lateral wall of the nasopharynx
A
auditory tube
15
Q
the cartilage in the walls of the auditory tube allow attachment for what
A
tensor and levator palatini
salpingopharyngeus
16
Q
what is salpinopharyngeus
A
longitudinal muscle of the phraynx
17
Q
what forms the roof of the nasopharynx
A
sphenoid, occipital and pharyngeal tonsil
18
Q
what forms the floor of the nasopharynx
A
soft palate - pharyngeal isthmus
19
Q
what forms the anterior boundary of the nasopharynx
A
nasal passages
20
Q
what forms the posterior boundary of the nasopharynx
A
roof (sphenoid, occipital and pharyngeal tonsil) and C1 level
21
Q
what forms the lateral walls of the nasopharynx
A
auditory tube, salpingopharyngeal fold
22
Q
what does the auditory tube do
A
communicates with the middle ear and allows air to pass between the pharynx and middle ear to equalise pressure either side of tympanic membrane so the membrane can move freely in response to sound waves
23
Q
what forms the roof of the oropharynx
A
soft palate
24
Q
what forms the floor of the oropharynx
A
posterior 1/3 tongue
lingual tonsil
glossoepiglottic folds
25
what forms the anterior boundary of the oropharynx
mouth
26
what forms the posterior border of the oropharynx
C2/3 level
27
what forms the lateral border of the oropharynx
palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds with palatine tonsil
28
where does the palatine tonsil sit
between the palatoglossal (anterior) and palatopharyngeal (posterior) folds
29
what muscles form the arches at the back of the mouth
palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus
30
what forms the anterior boundary of the laryngopharynx
larynx
31
what forms the posterior boundary of the laryngopharynx
C3-6
32
what forms the lateral wall of the laryngopharynx
supported by thyroid cartilage
aryepiglottic fold
thyrohyoid membrane
33
there are _ constrictor muscles within the pharynx
3
34
there are _ parts of each constrictor muscle
2
35
which constrictor muscle of the pharynx contributes to the nasopharynx and oropharynx
superior constrictor
36
the right and left side of the superior constrictor meet where
posterior midline in a fibrous join called a raphe
37
what are the attachments of the superior constrictor
```
lower part (posterior) medial pterygoid plate, hamulus, pterygomandibular ligament, mandible, side of tongue
--> pharyngeal tubercle of occipital bone, fibrous raphe and middle constrictor
```
38
what is the function of the superior constrictor
upper fibres - pull posterior pharyngeal wall anteriorly to close off nasopharynx
propel food to middle constrictor
39
what is the innervation of the superior constrictor
pharyngeal plexus
40
the pterygomandibular ligament provides attachment for what 2 muscles
buccinator anteriorly
| superior constrictor posteriorly
41
how does the pterygomandibular ligament effectively close off the oral cavity
connection between the lateral wall (buccinator) and the oropharynx
42
how does the superior constrictor prevent food passing towards the nose
raises the pharyngeal wall and pulls it forwards towards the nasal cavities
43
the constrictors are all supplied by what
vagus nerve running in the pharyngeal plexus
44
what are the attachments of the middle constrictor
lower part of stylohyoid ligament to the greater and lesser cornua of the hyoid bone
---> to raphe but also blend with superior and inferior constrictor
45
what is the function of the middle constrictor
propel food towards inferior constrictor
46
what is the innervation of the middle constrictor
pharyngeal plexus (vagus nerve)
47
the middle constrictor contributes to the wall of what
oropharynx
48
what are the attachments of the inferior constrictor
lamina of thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage
| --> to raphe and blend with middle constrictor and oesophagus
49
what is the function of the inferior constrictor
propel food to oesophagus
50
what is the innervation of the inferior constrictor
pharyngeal plexus (vagus nerve)
51
what are the 2 parts of the inferior constrictor
thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus
52
what muscle fibres is thyropharyngeus
muscle fibres of inferior constrictor that pass onto the midline
53
what muscle fibres are cricopharyngeus
more circular fibres of the inferior constrictor
54
what is the function of the cricopharyngeus
acts as a sphincter that prevents air passing into the oesophagus
55
what is different about the innervation of cricopharyngeus
all of the constrictor muscles receive innervation from the vagus nerve as it forms the pharyngeal plexus but cricopharyngeus is innervated by a diferent branch; external laryngeal nerve
56
what nerve supplies cricopharyngeus
external laryngeal nerve
57
in addition to the constrictor muscles, there are _ small longitudinally arranged muscles
3
58
what is the innervation of stylopharyngeus
glossopharyngeal nerve
59
what is the innervation of the longitudinal pharyngeal muscles except for stylopharyngeus
pharyngeal plexus
60
what is the function of stylopharyngeus
helps to elevate the pharynx to more effectively pull food into the pharynx and close off the nasopharynx
61
what are the attachments of stylopharyngeus
base of styloid process of the temporal bone to the posterior border of the thyroid cartilage
62
the styloid process of the temporal bone is an attachment site for what
stylohyoid
styloglossus
stylopharyngeus
stylohyoid ligament
63
the stylopharyngeus passes between which constrictors
superior and middle
64
what are the 3 longitudinal muscles of the pharynx
stylopharyngeus
salpingopharyngeus
palatopharyngeus
65
what is the innervation of the longitudinal pharyngeal muscles
pharyngeal plexus (vagus) except stylopharyngeus which is glossopharyngeal
66
what are the attachments of salpingopharyngeus
cartilage of auditory tube to blend with palatopharyngeus
67
what is the function of salpingopharyngeus
elevate pharynx
68
what are the attachments of palatopharyngeus
hard palate and palatine aponeurosis to lamina of thyroid cartilage (posterior)
69
what is the function of palatopharyngeus
elevate pharynx
70
which muscle forms a fold in the lateral wall of the nasopharynx
salpingopharyngeus
71
which muscle forms a fold in the lateral wall of the oropharynx
palatopharyngeus
72
describe the steps of swallowing
1) food moulded using tongue and hard palate then pushed to back of the mouth by tongue
2) soft palate raised and pharynx elevated to ensure food passes away from the nasopharynx
3) larynx raised and epiglottis passively bends over the larynx as bolus of food passes it
4) aryepiglottic folds move together to ensure food passes into laryngopharynx not larnyx
5) waves of muscular contraction push the food along the oesphagus to stomach
73
what is the proper word for swallowing
deglutition
74
the superior laryngeal nerve and vessels pass through what structure
thyrohyoid membrane
75
describe the path of the recurrent laryngeal nerve
between the oesophagus and trachea then passing inferior to the inferior constrictor of the pharynx
76
the recurrent laryngeal nerve passing inferior to what constrictor
inferior constrictor
77
the general sensory innervation of the pharynx is divided between what
CNV2
glossopharyngeal
vagus
78
sensory innervation of the nasopharynx is from what
CNV2
79
sensory innervation of the oropharynx is from what
CN IX
80
sensory innervation of the laryngopharynx is from what
CN X
81
the pharyngeal tonsil, the palatine tonsils, the lingual tonsil form a protective ring of lymphoid tissue around what
openings into the nasopharynx and oropharynx
82
what nerves contribute fibres to the pharyngeal plexus
CN IX and CN X
| sympathetic
83
what is the innervation of tensor veli palatini
CN V3
84
the cranial part of the accessory nerve joins the pharyngeal plexus via ____ to supply what muscles
via vagus nerve
| supply muscles of the soft palate except tensor veli palatini
85
the upper regions of the pharynx are supplied by what
branches of the maxillary artery - greater palatine and pharyngeal - and the ascending branch of the ECA
86
the ascending pharyngeal branch is from what surface of the ECA
medial
87
the pharyngeal veins form a plexus that communicates with what veins
facial and internal jugular
88
lymph from the pharynx drains where
retropharyngeal and paratracheal nodes then to deep cervical
89
what are the 4 muscles of the pre-vertebral region
longus colli
longus capitis
rectus capitis anterior
rectus capitis lateralis
90
where do the structures of the prevertebral region lie
between the muscle sheath covering longus colli and longus capitis (prevertebral fascia) and the carotid sheath
91
what are the attachments of longus capitis
transverse processes of cervical vertebrae, anterior tubercles of C3-6 ---> base of occipital bone
92
what is the function of longus capitis
flexion of head
93
what is the innervation of longus capitis
ventral rami cervical spinal nerves C1-3
94
what are the attachments of longus colli
from atlas to T3
95
what are the different parts of longus colli
inferior oblique
superior oblique
vertical parts
96
what are the attachments of the inferior oblique part of longus colli
T2/3 to the anterior tubercle of cervical transverse process of C5-6
97
what are the attachments of the superior oblique part of longus colli
anterior tubercle C3-5 to the atlantal anterior tubercle
98
what are the attachments of the vertical part of longus colli
anterior aspect of T1-3 to C4-6
99
what is the function of longus colli
flexion of the neck
| rotation to opposite side via inferior oblique
100
what part of longus colli allows rotation to the opposite side
inferior oblique
101
what is the innervation of longus colli
ventral rami cervical spinal nerves C2-6
102
what are the attachments of rectus capitis anterior
anterior surface and root of transverse process of atlas to occipital bone (anterior to occipital condyle)
103
what is the function of rectus capitis anterior
flex atlanto-occipital joint
104
what are the attachments of rectus capitis lateralis
transverse process of atlas to occipital bone (inferior surface of jugular process)
105
what is the function of rectus capitis lateralis
lateral flexion of head
106
what structure crosses the rectus capitis muscles
internal jugular vein
107
what is the innervation of rectus capitis anterior and lateralis
ventral rami of cervical nerves C1-C2 loop
108
where does the sympathetic ganglia run in the pre-vertebral region
from base of skull to join thoracic chain
109
the sympathetic chain takes the form of what in the neck
3 interconnected ganglia in the neck
110
the chain in the neck is found behind what
internal and common carotid arteries
111
the chain in the neck is ___ to the vagus nerve
medial
112
where is the sympathetic chain embedded in the neck
deep fascia between carotid sheath and fascia over the surface of longus capitis and longus colli
113
where does the sympathetic chain end
ganglion impar on the coccyx
114
the sympathetic chain runs between what
base of the head to the ganglion impar
115
sympathetic outflow is what
T1 - L1/2
116
what are the 3 interconnected ganglia in the neck
superior middle and inferior cervical ganglia
117
where is the superior cervical ganglion
immediately below skull
118
the superior cervical ganglion communicates via grey rami communicantes with what
C1-4 ventral rami
119
the superior cervical ganglion gives fibres to wind around what vessels
carotid arteries
120
what plexi does the superior cervical plexus contribute to
pharyngeal plexus
cardiac plexus
branches to form plexus of common and external carotid arteries
121
what nerve from the superior cervical ganglia passes into cervical canal to form internal carotid plexus
internal carotid nerve
122
what cranial nerve branches are involved in the superior cervical ganglia
CN IX
CN X
CN XII
123
how does the superior cervical ganglia contribute to the pharyngeal plexus
branches join CN IX and CN X in pharyngeal plexus
124
where is the middle cervical ganglia
at level of cricoid cartilage
125
the middle cervical ganglia is related to the loop of what artery
inferior thyroid artery
126
the middle cervical ganglia communicates via grey rami communicantes with what
C5 6 ventral rami
127
how does the middle cervical ganglia contribute to the cardiac plexus
middle cardiac branch to cardiac plexus
128
which cervical ganglion gives branches along thyroid artery to gland
middle cervical ganglia
129
what nerve loop does the middle cervical ganglia form
ansa subclavia - loop around the subclavian artery
130
ansa subclavia carries what fibres
middle cervical ganglia
131
ansa cervicalis carries what fibres
C1-3
132
usually _ or more nerve bundles from middle to inferior cervical ganglia
2 or more
133
the anterior bundle from middle cervical ganglia to inferior passes anterior to _____ and then behind it
1st part of the subclavian artery and then behind it - ansa subclavia
134
the inferior cervical ganglion communicates via grey rami commmunicantes with what
ventral rami C7, 8
135
the inferior cervical ganglion send arterial branches where
subclavian and vertebral arteries
136
how does the inferior cervical ganglion communicate with the cardiac plexus
inferior cardiac branch
137
what forms the stellate ganglion
inferior cervical ganglion usually fuses with the 1st thoracic ganglion to form stellate ganglion
138
where is the inferior cervical ganglion
lies behind vertebral artery between transverse process of C7 and head of 1st rib
139
the stellate ganglion may contain contribution from what
T2 ganglion
