Joints of the foot

Question 1

what are the two arches of the foot

Answer 1

longitudinal and transverse

Question 2

what is the function of the arches of the feet

Answer 2

distribute weight
shock absorption
spring boards

Question 3

is the medial or lateral arch of the longitudinal arch higher

Answer 3

medial is higher

Question 4

how do the arches provide shock absorption

Answer 4

forces transmitted through the foot causing it to deform - arches flatten, disipates force

Question 5

how do the arches act as spring boards

Answer 5

elastic recoil from ligaments and muscles resuming shape after deforming provides spring board quality

Question 6

what are the bones of the transverse arch

Answer 6

cuneiforms and cuboid (tarsal arch)

metatarsals (metatarsal arch)

Question 7

what structures support the transverse arch

Answer 7

tendon of tibialis posterior
tendon of peroneus longus
adductor hallucis muscle
deep transverse metatarsal ligament

Question 8

what structures support the tarsal arch of the transverse arch

Answer 8

tendon of tibialis posterior

tendon of peroneus longus

Question 9

what structures support the metatarsal arch of the transverse arch

Answer 9

adductor hallucis muscle

Question 10

what structures support the anterior arch of the transverse arch

Answer 10

deep transverse metatarsal ligament

Question 11

what are the bones of the lateral arch of the longitudinal arch

Answer 11

calcaneus
cuboid
metatarsals 4 and 5

Question 12

does the medial or lateral arch rest on the ground when standing

Answer 12

lateral

Question 13

what are the bones of the medial arch of the longitudinal arch

Answer 13

calcaneus 
talus 
navicular
3 cuneiforms
metatarsals 1-3

Question 14

what bone is common to both arches of the longitudinal arch

Answer 14

calcaneus

Question 15

what is the keystone of the longitudinal arch

Answer 15

talus

Question 16

what provides dynamic support for the longitudinal arch

Answer 16

intrinsic muscles of the foot
flexor hallucis longus
flexor digitorum longus

Question 17

what provides passive support to the longitudinal arch

Answer 17

plantar calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament
short plantar ligament (calcaneocuboid)
long plantar ligament
plantar aponeurosis

Question 18

where is the plantar calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament

Answer 18

between calcaneus and navicular just inferior to head of talus

Question 19

what is the function of the calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament

Answer 19

helps support the head of the talus which is the highest point of the medial arch

Question 20

the long plantar ligament is slightly _______ to the short plantar ligament

Answer 20

long plantar ligament is slightly more superficial to short

Question 21

the weight going through the foot is distributed almost equally by ____ between what

Answer 21

trochlea of talus

calcaneus and heads of metatarsals

Question 22

does the medial arch flatten when walking

Answer 22

not completely

Question 23

what is the large impression on the medial side of the foot from

Answer 23

sesamoid bones of 1st metatarsal and head of 2nd metatarsal

Question 24

what is the function of the sesamoid bones in FHB muscle tendon

Answer 24

creates a space for tendon of FHL when walking

Question 25

what joints make up the transverse (mid) tarsal joint

Answer 25

talonavicular and calcaneocuboid joints

Question 26

how many cuneonavicular joints are there

Answer 26

3

Question 27

what is the tarsometatarsal joint formed at the medial cuneiform

Answer 27

medial cuneiform to 1st metatarsal

Question 28

what is the tarsometatarsal joint formed at the intermediate cuneiform

Answer 28

intermediate cuneiform to the 2nd metatarsal

Question 29

what is the tarsometatarsal joint formed at the lateral cuneiform

Answer 29

lateral cuneiform to 3rd metatarsal

Question 30

what is the tarsometatarsal joint formed at the cuboid

Answer 30

cuboid with 4th and 5th metatarsal

Question 31

what is the name of the joint between the calcaneus and the cuboid

Answer 31

calcaneocuboid

Question 32

what is the name of the joints between the metatarsals at their bases

Answer 32

intermetatarsal

Question 33

what is the name of the joints between the metatarsals and the proximal phalanx

Answer 33

metotarsophalangeal (MTP)

Question 34

what is the name of the joint created by the talus resting on and articulating with the calcaneus

Answer 34

subtalar

Question 35

what is the anatomical subtalar joint

Answer 35

between talus and calcaneus - concave posterior calcaneal articular surface on talus and convex posterior articular facet of the calcaneus

Question 36

what kind of joint is the anatomical subtalar joint

Answer 36

plane synovial

Question 37

what do clinicians mean when they talk about the subtalar joint

Answer 37

combination of the anatomical subtalar joint and the talocalcaneal part of the talocalcaneonavicular joint

Question 38

why is there a difference between the anatomical and clinical subtalar joints

Answer 38

anatomical - subtalar joint is a discrete joint | clinical - 2 joints cannot work independently, function as a unit

Question 39

what ligaments support the weak capsule of the subtalar joint

Answer 39

medial, lateral, interosseous and posterior talocalcaneal ligaments

Question 40

which of the ligaments supporting the subtalar joint is particularly strong

Answer 40

interosseous ligament

Question 41

what forms the transverse (mid)tarsal joint

Answer 41

calcaneocuboid joint and taloonavicular joint of talocalcaneonavicular

Question 42

what are the two parts of the talocalcaneonavicular joint

Answer 42

talocalcaneal part | talonavicular part

Question 43

the talocalcaneal part of the talocalcaneonavicular joint is what kind of joint

Answer 43

plane synovial

Question 44

the talonavicular part of the talocalcaneonavicular joint is what kind of joint

Answer 44

ball and socket - head of talus in socket of navicular

Question 45

what are the ligaments of the midtarsal joint

Answer 45

``` bifurcate ligament dorsal calcaneocuboid ligament long plantar ligament short plantar ligament spring ligament ```

Question 46

what are the attachments of the bifurcate ligament

Answer 46

calcaneus to the navicular and cuboid

Question 47

what are the attachments of the dorsal calcaneocuboid ligament

Answer 47

calcaneus to cuboid

Question 48

what are the attachments of the long plantar ligament

Answer 48

calcaneus to cuboid and metatarsals

Question 49

what are the attachments of the short plantar ligament

Answer 49

calcaneus to cuboid

Question 50

what are the attachments of the spring ligament

Answer 50

calcaneus to navicular

Question 51

what is the most superficial of the ligaments of the midtarsal joint

Answer 51

long plantar

Question 52

the long plantar ligament creates a tunnel for what tendon

Answer 52

peroneus longus

Question 53

what movements occur at the subtalar and talocalaneal part of the talocalcaneonavicular joint

Answer 53

inversion and eversion

Question 54

what is the purpose of inversion and eversion

Answer 54

maintain balance on uneven surfaces

Question 55

how many muscles are there for eversion

Answer 55

3

Question 56

how many muscles are there for inversion

Answer 56

2

Question 57

how is inversion/eversion commenced

Answer 57

muscles attaching on midfoot/forefoot cause a twisting movement which causes forefoot and midfoot to rotate on hindfoot at midtarsal joint which starts inversion/eversion as it leads to a tightening of ligaments so force is transferred to calcaneus - forefoot, midfoot and calcaneus rotate under talus at the subtalar joint

Question 58

small sliding movements at the midtarsal joint has what impact on inversion/eversion

Answer 58

augments movement at clinical subtalar joint

Question 59

what movements are possible at the tarsometatarsal joints

Answer 59

small sliding movements

Question 60

what type of joints are the tarsometatarsal joints

Answer 60

plane synovial

Question 61

where are the tarsometatarsal joints

Answer 61

anterior tarsal bones (cuboid and cuneiforms) with bases of metatarsals

Question 62

what is the clinical relevance of the tarsometatarsal joints

Answer 62

Lisfranc's joint - site for amputation of part of the foot - quite a straight line

Question 63

what are the tarsometatarsal ligaments that bind the bones together

Answer 63

dorsal, plantar and interosseous ligaments

Question 64

what kind of joints are the MTP joints

Answer 64

synovial condyloid joints

Question 65

what movements are possible at the MTP joints

Answer 65

flexion extension abduction adduction

Question 66

what kind of joints are the IP joints

Answer 66

synovial hinge joints

Question 67

what movements are possible at the IP joints

Answer 67

flexion and extension

Question 68

what forms the MTP joint

Answer 68

head of metatarsal and base of proximal phalanx