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Gastrointestinal > Physiology of digestion and absorption - consolidation > Flashcards

Physiology of digestion and absorption - consolidation Flashcards

1
Q

what is absorbed in the ileum

A

micronutrients (eg vitamin b12)

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2
Q

4 juices secreted in small intestine

A

chyme
pancreatic juice
bile
succus entericus

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3
Q

another name for the brush border

A

microvilli

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4
Q

7 hormones secreted by the small intesine

A 
Gastrin
Ghrelin
GLP-1
GIP 
CKK
secretin 
Motilin
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5
Q

other than the duodenum, where is gastrin released

A

from g cells of gastric antrum

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6
Q

GIP is an incretin, what is this

A

act upon Beta cells of pancreas, stimulate release of insulin

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7
Q

which other hormone is an incretin

A

GLP-1

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8
Q

functions of ghrelin

A

increass appetite

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9
Q

3 gut hormones associated with enhances peristalsis

A

gastrin
CKK
secretin

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10
Q

3 components of secretion

A

mucus - protection/lube
aqueous salt - for enzymatic digestion
no digestive enzymes

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11
Q

3 channels involved in the secretiojn

A

NA+/K+ ATPase
Na+/K+/2Cl- co-transporter
Chloride channel (CFTR)

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12
Q

where are the aqeuous salts secreted from (mostly)

A

crypts of Lieberkuhn

bottom areas of villi

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13
Q

sodium chloride and accompanying water are moved in what direction

A

basolateral membrane - lumen

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14
Q

what drives the co-transporter

A

low intracellular conc of Na

secondary active transport

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15
Q

how does chlorine enter lumen

A

difference in electrochemical gradient, incr in chloride in basolateral membrane when pumpeed in, CFTR balances

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16
Q

factors of cystic fibrosis in intestine

A

cystic fibrosis - not only sticky mucus, electrolytes and enzymes decr.

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17
Q

t/f K,Na,Cl, and H20 are found in lumen

A

false

K is not (or not as much)

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18
Q

when does segmentation occur

A

during meal
very rigorous after meal
(little/none between)

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19
Q

which hormone triggers segmentation, when does it occur, what is this reflex called

A

gastrin
when empty, anticipation of food
gastroileal reflex

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20
Q

MMC characteristic

A

clears small intestine of debris,mucus and soughed epithelial cells
goes through full smll intestin

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21
Q

which hormone triggers MMC

A

motilin

22
Q

which 2 hormones suppress MMC

A

gastrin

CCK

23
Q

t/f vagal activity enhances MMC

A

false

inhibited by feeding and vagal

24
Q

macroslide antibiotics mimic effect of

A

motilin
triggers MMC
may cause GI disturbances

25
Q

for pancreatic duct cells, chloride is secreted in via CFTR, yet recycled. what is it exchanged for when it enters the lumen

A

HCO3-

for neutralisatin

26
Q

3 proteases secreted by pancreas

A

trypsinogen
chymotrpysinogen
procarboxypeptidase A and B

27
Q

which duodenum enzyme activates pancreatic proteases

A

enterokinase

28
Q

3 phases of control of pancreatic secretion (cephalic, gastric, intestinal)

A

cephalic - mediated by vagal (due to acinar)
gastric -distension evokes vagovagal reflex, parasympa stimulation of acinar and duct cells
intestinal - majority of secretion, due to release of secretin/CKK

29
Q

t/f disaccharides can be absorbed

A

false
only monosaccharides
gluocse/galactose ect

30
Q

t/f tetrapeptides can be absorbed

A

true

usually broken down in epithelium

31
Q

differenc in links in amylose and amylopectin (starch compounds)

A

amylose - str8 chain
alpha 1,4 links

amylopectin - branches
alpha-1,4
alpha-1,6

32
Q

when starch is digested, broken down to ogliosaccharides, what do these consist of

A

alpha limit dextrins
malotriose
maltose
(alpha-amylase used to break down, salivary and pancreatic glands)

33
Q

enzymes associated with membrane digestion (ogliosaccharidases)

A

lactase
maltase
sucrase-isomaltase

34
Q

alpha limit dextrins

A

stay connected since alpha-amylase cannot break branches adjacent to alpha-1,4 links / alpha-1,6 branches

35
Q

all ogliosaccharidases can cleave alpha-1,4 linkages, what does this yield? which one works differently

A

glucose

lactase - breaks down lactose to glucose and galactose

36
Q

which ogliosaccharidases can break the banching alpha-1,6 linkages of alpha limit dextrins

A

isomaltase

37
Q

glut 2 is the faciliated diffusion for

A

all monosaccharides

38
Q

which type of enzymes digest proteins first, what is also required sometimes to digest proteins

A 
luminal enzymes (to amino)  
brush border enzymes (to amino)
apical membrane transporters may carry them as peptides, then undergoes intracellular hydrolysis

or it can be carried as a peptide without intracellular hydrolysis

39
Q

outline digestion in stomach (luminal enzymes)

A

HCl begins

Pepsin cleaves proteins to peptides (favours aromatic/larger AA- endopeptidase) (nonessential)

40
Q

outline digestion in duodenum

A

5 pancreatic proteases either endo/exopeptidase

exo-at end/ C terminals

41
Q

which of the pancreatic proteases are exopeptidase

A

Procarboxypeptidase A and B

42
Q

product of pancreatic endopeptidases

A

ogliopeptides (2-6 amino acids)

43
Q

why is there so may brush border enzymes

A

to compensate for the large diversity in AA

44
Q

t/f brush border peptidases have a larger affinity for ogliopeptides

A

true

45
Q

cytoplasmic peptidases primarily hydrolyse

A

di/tripeptides

46
Q

how many sodiium dependant transporters are found at brush border, what do they do

how many are sodium independent

A

5
moves neutral amino acids up a conc gradient (hartnup disease)

2 (cystinuria)

47
Q

basolateral has 5 different mechanisms, how many mediate efflux of amino acids and are Na+ independent, and how many mediate influx

A

3

2

(bidirectional)

48
Q

PepT1 transports

A

di/tri/tetrapeptides via proton gradient at brush border

49
Q

most amino acids are transported to cell by

A

sodium dependent transporters

50
Q

why is brush border acidic

A

Na+/H+ exchanger,

Gastrointestinal (73 decks)

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