Physio Final Topics Flashcards
Milleau Interieur, compartments, changes of water compartments
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Volume quantification of fluid compartments
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Factors influencing the EC and IC compartmetns; anelectrolite and electrolite components of the blood plasma
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Functions, fractination and changes of plasma proteins
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Interstitia fluid (ISF): transport through the capillary wall; measurement and composition of ISF
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Physiological role of the blood, definitions and changes in blood volumes
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Red blood cells and the hemoglobin
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Human and animal blood groups
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Neutrophyl and basophyl granulocytes
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Eosinohyl granulocytes, mononuclear phagocytes, thrombocytes
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Haemostasis (except coagulation cascade mechanism) and stopping blood coagulation
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Haemostasis: coagulation cascade mechanism
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Organs of the immune system; natural immunity and the complement system
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Adaptive (acquired) immune response; structure of the antigens and immunoglobulins
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Humoral immunity, B lymphocytes and self restriction
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Cellular immunity, T lymphocytes and the MHC structures of the cells
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The regulation of muscle work and muscle-nerve connection: the motor unit
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Molecular aspects of muscle contraction and electromechanical coupling
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Types of striated muscles, energy sources of muscle functioning, oxygen debt
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Macroscopic events of muscle contraction
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Length - tension diagram: working range and power of the muscle; heat production and muscle fatigue
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Characteristics of smooth muscle
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Electrical activity of the heart, electromechanical coupling
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Electrocardiogram; analysis of ECG
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Mechanical properties of the heart; Starling’s law
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Parameters of the cardiac cycle; volume fractions; factors influencing cardiac output
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The cardiac cycle
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Factors determining the blood pressure; pressures on different parts on the circulatory bed, measuring the blood pressure
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Microcirculation, exchange of substances, venous circulation
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Local factors of cardiovascular regulation
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Central factors of cardiovascular regulation
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Properties of circulation in the coronaries, the skin, the brain, splanchnic circulation, and the fetal circulation.
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The characteristics of the lung circulation, the perfusion of the lungs, gas diffusion in the lungs
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Respiratory tracts, respiratory movements, panting
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Respiratory air fractions, and ventilation coefficient
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Pressure changes during respiration, the respiratory work, compliance
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The transport of oxigen, and carbon dioxide
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The regulation of respiration
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The respiration of birds
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Basic physiological functions of the kidney: filtration, reabsorption, secretion, excretion
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Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), extraction, clearance
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Renal plasma flow (RPF), filtration fraction
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Transport processes in the proximal tubule
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Transport in the Henle-loop and the distal tubule
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Transport at the distal connective tubule and at the collecting tubule
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Osmoregulation in the kidney, the countercurrent system
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The maintenance of Isosmosis; ADH- mechanism
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The maintenance of isovolemia; the renin angiotensin system (RAS), ANP and aldosterone
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The urinary tract and the process of urination
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Neurohormonal regulation of food intake and gastrintestinal tract
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Food intake, salivary secretion, process of swallowing
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Motoric activity and electrophysiology of the gastrointestinal tract
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Secretion and regulation of gastric juice
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The exocrine function of the pancreas, pancreas enzymes, regulation of pancreatic juice secretion
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Production, functions and regulation of the bile
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Catabolism and absorption of carbohydrates
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Catabolism and absorption of lipids
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Catabolism and absorption of the proteins
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Electrolyte cycle of intestinal canal, water transport, iron absorption
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Digestion in the colon, feces formation, defaecatio
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Motility of the forestomachs, eructation, rumination
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Avian digestion
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Combustion heat of nutrients, utilization of energy content of nutrients in the body
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Basal- and resting energy metabolism, factors affecting metabolic rate
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Calorimetryc methods, the definition and importance of the respiratory quotient
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The heat balance, and the effect of the environmental temperature.
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Heat balance regulation
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Thermogenesis at the cellular level
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Role of calcium and phosphorus, absorption, distribution and excretion
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The role of the osteoblast, osteoclast and osteocyte
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The role of the PTH, calcitonin, and the D-hormone in the Ca balance
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Classification of hormones, dynamics of the ligand - receptor interaction, the feed-back mechanism
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Communication among cells, Intracellular receptor signaling
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Membrane receptor signaling
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Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting factors
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Adenohypophysis, the synthesis and release of the ACTH
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Growth hormone
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Hormones from the neurohypophysis
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MSH and the pineal gland
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The thyroid hormones
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Synthesis, regulation and physiological effects of glucocorticoids
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Pharmacological effect of glucocorticoids, and the physiology of the stress
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Mineralocorticoids
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Catecholamines
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Insulin and glucagon
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Eicosanoids
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Male genitals, hormone regulation in the male reproductive system, spermatogenesis
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The role of accessory sexual glands in males, male sexual reflexes
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Phases of the estrus cycle, species specificities in the sexual cycle
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Cyclic function of female reproductive organs
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Hormonal changes during the estrus cycle
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Hormonal effects in the ovary; hormones of the ovary
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Fertilization, embryogenesis; maternal recognition of pregnancy
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Endocrinology of pregnancy; fetoplacental endocrine unit
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The endocrinology of parturition; birth
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Mammary gland development, lactogenesis
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Reproduction of birds
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Membrane potential, local response and action potential, propagation of the action potential
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Axonal transport and synaptic transmission, sensors, types of ion channels
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General characteristic of the spinal cord, neural networks, Rexed zones, Dermatomes
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The reflexes and movement patterns
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Autonomic Nervous System
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Sensory mechanisms in the central nervous system; physiology of pain
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Posture control in the central nervous system
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Intentional movements and the cerebellum
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The physiology of sleeping; the reticular formation; the limbic system, behavior
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Memory and learning, unconditioned and conditioned reflexes
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Receptors, taste, olfaction
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Vision, Cellular mechanism of light perception, color vision
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Object viewing, visual acuity, visual field, visual pathway
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Inner ear; vestibular appartus and hearing
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