MIDTERM 8 Flashcards
TOPIC 98
Membrane potential
K+ out, Na+ from ECspace in
Maintaining -SodiumPotassium ATPase pump
Eqilibrium potential - K+ = -92 (plateau)
Electrogenic pump
Goldman-hodkin-katz eq = What resting membrane potential will be.
Phases of AP
TOPIC 98
Local response and AP
Depolarization Hyperpolarization Threshold potential Rheobase Chronaxia 4 Phases Voltage depenent Adaption Summation Absolute refractory periode Relative refactory periode
TOPIC 98
Propagation AP
In myelinated (Nodes of ranvier) In Non-myelinated (Propagation step by step) - Proportional - diameter axon - Slow conduction velocity
Topic 99
Axon transport and synaptic transmission
AP through the axon in the synaptic nerve endings produces release of neurotransmitters stored in vesicles
- Neurotransmitters
- Axonal transport - synthesis of peptides: Transport down the axon is necessary because axons cannot synthesise proteins
- Neuro and modullar peptides
- Soma -> Nerveendings (Kinesin)
- Nerveending -> Soma (Dynein)
- Receptor binding -> Hyperpolarization
- CONECTIONS
- Hexamer
- Gap junction (EPSP, IPSP)
- Longterm effects
- CSN pathway
- Metabotropic transmitters
- BINDING of LIGAND receptor –> IC second messenger–>IC metabotropic effect
- ->Longlasting de/hyperpolarization
Topic 100: General characteristics of Spinal chord, neural networks, Rexed zones, dermatomes
- Spinal chord Clinical importance: Somatosensory reflex 2 Somatic reflex arch (Mono/polysynaptic reflex): - Proprioceptive reflex - Exteroceptive reflex - Intersegmental integration: - Scratch reflex - Spinal tracts - Sensory ascending pathway: Motor, descending pathway: Afferent ascending pathway(most imp): Decending pathways Efferent spinal tracts - Pyramidal tracts - Extrapyramidal tracts
Topic 101: Reflexes and movement patterns
Proprioceptive reflexes:
- Receptor same organ, efferent
- No exteroceptive
1. Adequate
2. Receptor
3. Monosynaptic reflex
4. almost no LATENCY
5. Immediately response
6. Reflex does not FATIGUE - Types of proprioceptive reflexes (3)
1. Myotactic reflex (stretch reflex) - Anulospinal receptors
- Alphamotor neurons
- Gamma motor neurons
- Recurrent inhibition
2. Inverse myotactic reflex
3. Flexor stretch reflex and extensor thrust
Topic 102: Autonomic nervous system
Peripheral sympathetic ANS
- redistribution of blood
- preganglionic fibers
- chromatin cells of adrenal medulla respond to pre-ggl stimulation
- Sympathetic ganglia (cervical, stellate, coeliac, mesenteric)
Peripheral parasympathetic ANS
(cranial part of parasympathetic NS: 3,7,9,10
(Sacral part: Gray matter
Topic 103: Sensory mechanism in the central NS. Physiology of pain
Primary sensory area - Post central gyrus
Secondary sensory area - Sylvian fissure
Basic somatic sensation
- Mechanical sensation (vibration, pressure, location, hair follicle)
- Other: Thermal sensation (W/C receptors)
Pain sensation:
2.levels:
1. Post central gyrus
2. Sylvian fissure
Topic 104: Posture control in CNS
2 levels: UMS: Upper motor system LMS: Lower motor system LMS+UMS= ensure antigravitational support Maintone distribution Types of postural reflex 1. Tonic 2. Supporting 3. Statokinetic 4. Planking - hopping
Topic 105: Intentional movements
CNS
Motorcortex
- Brodman 4 - Primary
- Brodman 6 - Premotor
- Brodman 6 - Supplementary area
Motor pathways
- Pyramidal
- Extrapyramidal
- Rubrospinal trackt
- Vestibulospinal tract
- Tectospinal tract
- Reticulospinal tract
Stages of voluntary movements 1. Intention to move (limbic) 2. Movement planning (Brodman 6 area) 3. Coordination of movement (cerebellum and basal ganglia) 4.Execution of movement (Brodman area -> Precentral gyrus) 5. Movement (Spinal chord->muscle) 6. Proprioceptions (efferentation) Other stages: 7. Other afforestation (vision/hearing) 8. Thalmic mediation
Topic 105: The cerebellum
Basal ganglia and cerebellum - role Function of cerebellum - Origin of: Movement Coordination Movement learning
Main functions:
- Vestibulum cerebellum (Nucleus fastigii)
- Spinocerebellum (nucleus interpasti)
- Cerebrocerebellum (Nucleus dieter)
Functional units:
- Mossy fibers
- Purkinje fibers
- Deep nucleus
Topic 106: The physiology of sleeping
Reticular formation
Reticular formation:
Oval area of brainstem
Afferents
Efferents
Functions
1. Regulation of sleep-wake cycle
2. Conducting sensory info to the Limbic system, altering emotions
3. Coordination of visceral functions like
- Circulation
- Ventilation
- Swallowing
- Coughing/sneezing
4. Coordination of posture, controlling axial (trunchal) muscles.
ARAS - Acsending Reticular Activating system
Topic 106: The physiology of sleeping
Sleep-wake cycle
During sleep, timing EEG recordings reveal 2 phases - SWS, slow waves - REM - rapid eye movement, paradox Phases of sleep 1. Entering 2. Superficial 3. Deep 4. More deep (1+2: one hour) 2nd turn = into 20min REM REM: Desynchronized EEG, eye movement, phasic m, contractions, penile erection, incr sympathy activity
Topic 106: Limbic system, behaviour
BEHAVIOUR: Emotional lirning Sleep wake cycle Visceral Sexual Emotional
Behavioural locomotor system:
ORDINARY - Metabolism, reproduction
SIGNALING - Distance/contact
EXPLORATORY
Topic 106: Limbic system
Instincts evoked by reflexes
ENDOGENOUS - Motivation
EXTERNAL RELEASER - Appertence/eversion
Limbic system: Procentphalon:
- Medial limb ring
- Hippocampus
- Dentate gyrus
- Area piriformis
- Cortex near AMYGDALA - Basolateral limbiring/amygdala
- Cingulated gyrus
- Amygdala
- Septum pelucidum
- Rostral and dorsomedial nucleus of THALAMUS
AFFERENTS- spinothalmic + olfactory tracts
EFFERENTS - papeacurcuit -> connects parts together and -> cortex
