Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Physiology 1 > MIDTERM 8 > Flashcards

MIDTERM 8 Flashcards

1
Q

TOPIC 98

Membrane potential

A

K+ out, Na+ from ECspace in
Maintaining -SodiumPotassium ATPase pump
Eqilibrium potential - K+ = -92 (plateau)
Electrogenic pump
Goldman-hodkin-katz eq = What resting membrane potential will be.
Phases of AP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

TOPIC 98

Local response and AP

A 
Depolarization
Hyperpolarization
Threshold potential
Rheobase
Chronaxia
4 Phases
Voltage depenent
Adaption
Summation
Absolute refractory periode
Relative refactory periode
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

TOPIC 98

Propagation AP

A 
In myelinated (Nodes of ranvier)
In Non-myelinated 
(Propagation step by step)
- Proportional - diameter axon
- Slow conduction velocity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Topic 99

Axon transport and synaptic transmission

A

AP through the axon in the synaptic nerve endings produces release of neurotransmitters stored in vesicles

  • Neurotransmitters
  • Axonal transport - synthesis of peptides: Transport down the axon is necessary because axons cannot synthesise proteins
  • Neuro and modullar peptides
  • Soma -> Nerveendings (Kinesin)
  • Nerveending -> Soma (Dynein)
  • Receptor binding -> Hyperpolarization
  • CONECTIONS
    • Hexamer
    • Gap junction (EPSP, IPSP)
  • Longterm effects
    • CSN pathway
    • Metabotropic transmitters
  • BINDING of LIGAND receptor –> IC second messenger–>IC metabotropic effect
  • ->Longlasting de/hyperpolarization
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Topic 100: General characteristics of Spinal chord, neural networks, Rexed zones, dermatomes

A 
- Spinal chord
Clinical importance: Somatosensory reflex
2 Somatic reflex arch (Mono/polysynaptic reflex):
- Proprioceptive reflex
- Exteroceptive reflex
- Intersegmental integration:
   - Scratch reflex
- Spinal tracts
 - Sensory ascending pathway:
Motor, descending pathway:
Afferent ascending pathway(most imp):
Decending pathways
Efferent spinal tracts
- Pyramidal tracts
- Extrapyramidal tracts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Topic 101: Reflexes and movement patterns

A

Proprioceptive reflexes:

  • Receptor same organ, efferent
  • No exteroceptive
    1. Adequate
    2. Receptor
    3. Monosynaptic reflex
    4. almost no LATENCY
    5. Immediately response
    6. Reflex does not FATIGUE
  • Types of proprioceptive reflexes (3)
    1. Myotactic reflex (stretch reflex)
  • Anulospinal receptors
  • Alphamotor neurons
  • Gamma motor neurons
  • Recurrent inhibition
    2. Inverse myotactic reflex
    3. Flexor stretch reflex and extensor thrust
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Topic 102: Autonomic nervous system

A

Peripheral sympathetic ANS
- redistribution of blood
- preganglionic fibers
- chromatin cells of adrenal medulla respond to pre-ggl stimulation
- Sympathetic ganglia (cervical, stellate, coeliac, mesenteric)
Peripheral parasympathetic ANS
(cranial part of parasympathetic NS: 3,7,9,10
(Sacral part: Gray matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Topic 103: Sensory mechanism in the central NS. Physiology of pain

A

Primary sensory area - Post central gyrus
Secondary sensory area - Sylvian fissure
Basic somatic sensation
- Mechanical sensation (vibration, pressure, location, hair follicle)
- Other: Thermal sensation (W/C receptors)
Pain sensation:
2.levels:
1. Post central gyrus
2. Sylvian fissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Topic 104: Posture control in CNS

A 
2 levels:
UMS: Upper motor system
LMS: Lower motor system
LMS+UMS= ensure antigravitational support
Maintone distribution
Types of postural reflex
1. Tonic
2. Supporting
3. Statokinetic
4. Planking - hopping
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Topic 105: Intentional movements

A

CNS
Motorcortex

  • Brodman 4 - Primary
  • Brodman 6 - Premotor
  • Brodman 6 - Supplementary area

Motor pathways

  • Pyramidal
  • Extrapyramidal
  1. Rubrospinal trackt
  2. Vestibulospinal tract
  3. Tectospinal tract
  4. Reticulospinal tract
Stages of voluntary movements
1. Intention to move (limbic)
2. Movement planning (Brodman 6 area)
3. Coordination of movement (cerebellum and basal ganglia)
4.Execution of movement (Brodman area -> Precentral gyrus)
5. Movement (Spinal chord->muscle)
6. Proprioceptions (efferentation)
Other stages:
7. Other afforestation (vision/hearing)
8. Thalmic mediation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Topic 105: The cerebellum

A 
Basal ganglia and cerebellum - role
Function of cerebellum
- Origin of:
Movement
Coordination
Movement learning

Main functions:

  1. Vestibulum cerebellum (Nucleus fastigii)
  2. Spinocerebellum (nucleus interpasti)
  3. Cerebrocerebellum (Nucleus dieter)

Functional units:

  1. Mossy fibers
  2. Purkinje fibers
  3. Deep nucleus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Topic 106: The physiology of sleeping

Reticular formation

A

Reticular formation:
Oval area of brainstem
Afferents
Efferents
Functions
1. Regulation of sleep-wake cycle
2. Conducting sensory info to the Limbic system, altering emotions
3. Coordination of visceral functions like
- Circulation
- Ventilation
- Swallowing
- Coughing/sneezing
4. Coordination of posture, controlling axial (trunchal) muscles.
ARAS - Acsending Reticular Activating system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Topic 106: The physiology of sleeping

Sleep-wake cycle

A 
During sleep, timing
EEG recordings reveal 2 phases
- SWS, slow waves
- REM - rapid eye movement, paradox
Phases of sleep
1. Entering
2. Superficial
3. Deep
4. More deep
(1+2: one hour)
2nd turn = into 20min REM
REM: Desynchronized EEG, eye movement, phasic m, contractions, penile erection, incr sympathy activity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Topic 106: Limbic system, behaviour

A 
BEHAVIOUR:
Emotional lirning
Sleep wake cycle
Visceral
Sexual
Emotional

Behavioural locomotor system:
ORDINARY - Metabolism, reproduction
SIGNALING - Distance/contact
EXPLORATORY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Topic 106: Limbic system

A

Instincts evoked by reflexes

ENDOGENOUS - Motivation
EXTERNAL RELEASER - Appertence/eversion

Limbic system: Procentphalon:

  1. Medial limb ring
    - Hippocampus
    - Dentate gyrus
    - Area piriformis
    - Cortex near AMYGDALA
  2. Basolateral limbiring/amygdala
    - Cingulated gyrus
    - Amygdala
    - Septum pelucidum
    - Rostral and dorsomedial nucleus of THALAMUS

AFFERENTS- spinothalmic + olfactory tracts
EFFERENTS - papeacurcuit -> connects parts together and -> cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Topic 107: Memory and Lirning, unconditional and conditional reflex
Memory

A

Memory

  • Short term -> Frontal lobe, Alpha-2-adrenergic receptor
  • Middle term -> Medial temporal lobe (Hours-days)
  • Longterm -> Repeated stimuli, generates biochemical and morphological changes
17
Q

Topic 107: Memory and Lirning, unconditional and conditional reflex
Unconditional reflex

A

Food in dogs mouth - Salvation

Congenital motor/sensory response to external stimuli

18
Q

Topic 107: Memory and Lirning, unconditional and conditional reflex
Conditional reflex

A

Neural/unconditional stimuli
(bell rings-salvation)
Connected to unconditional

19
Q

Topic 107: Memory and Lirning, unconditional and conditional reflex
Memory and Lirning

A

Operant reflex
- Plessant/unplessant stimuli (bell->food expectations)
- Positive/negative reeinforcement
- Building up a conditional reflex
2 types of SIMPLE LEARNING (H+S)
Assosiative learning
Integrative function of cerebellar cortex

20
Q

TOPIC 108: Receptors, Taste, Olefaction

Receptors

A 
Function of NS
Specific stimulus
Amplitude
Classification
- Acording to receptor
- Location of stimulus
- Form of energy of stimulus
- Type of perception
- Ability to adapt
- types of receptors
21
Q

TOPIC 108: Receptors, Taste, Olfaction

Taste

A 
Taste (gustation):liquid and smell (olfactory):gases 
- Chemical receptors
Gustation- Gustatory papilla
Mechanoreceptor + other
Serous gland of Ebner
Tastes: Sweet, sour, bitter, salt, omami
Pathway of taste
22
Q

TOPIC 108: Receptors, Taste, Olfaction

Olfaction

A 
Highly sensitive
Adapts quickly to stimulus
Dif threshold
Receptor cells
Supporting cells
Olfactory tract
23
Q

TOPIC 109: Vision, cellular mechanism of light perception, colour vision

A 
Morphological basis of vision
Retina
Rods and cones
Bipolar cells
Ganglion cells
Receptive field (+Trichromatic theory)
Fovea-> Activates rods and cones directly
Macula -> Blue, Green and red cones
Optic disk
Suspension of the lens
Refractive elements of the eye
Purkinje-sansion image: 1,2,3,4
Optic accommodation
Cellular mechanism of light perception
24
Q

TOPIC 110: Object viewing, visual acuity, field, pathway

A

Acuity:
Sharpness of vision (smaller angle)

Field: Monocular/ Binocular

Spatial vision
- Monocular
- Binocular
Eyemovement
Tracking an object: short/long distances
Pupil reflex: Myosis/Mydrasis
Pathway:
- Decussation in optic system
RETINA -> OPTIC NERVE -> OPTIC CHIASM -> OPTIC TRACT -> SUPERIOR COLLICOLUS/Lateral Geniculate nucleus

Optic radiation

25
Q

Topic 111: Inner ear; Vestibule apparatus and hearing

A 
Internal ear:
Cochlea
Scala Vestibuli (perilymph)
Scala Tympani (Perilymph)
Scala media (endolymph)
The organ of CORTI
- Receptor cells
- During displacement
- Receptor = No axons

Cellular mechanism of hearing:

  • Bidirectional process
  • Mechanosensitive cation channel: Ca2+ opens into the cell.
  • Activating Actin-microtubulesystem
  • Alternation of Hyperpolarization and Depolarization

Physiology 1 (42 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions