MT #2 Immunology and Muscle Physiology Flashcards
What is the opsonisation?
a. immunglobulines connected to the antigenes activate the phagocytosis, by connecting to the Fc receptors of eosinophilic granulocytes
b. the antigen-antibody complex activate the complement-system, the antigen-C3b complex stimulate the phagocytosis
c. the phagocyted particles fuse with the granules of the cells during this reaction
d. the number of the granules decrease in the neutrophilic granulocytes during this reaction
a. immunglobulines connected to the antigenes activate the phagocytosis, by connecting to the Fc receptors of eosinophilic granulocytes
What is immunadherence?
a. inhibition of immune processes
b. complement activated phagocytosis
c. intracellular digestion
d. granule exocytosis
b. complement activated phagocytosis
Which substance produced by the MPS cell has a role in loosening the tissues?
a. interferon
b. histamine
c. prostaglandin
d. collagenase
d. collagenase
Which of the following MPS cells encourages the immune response?
a. interleukin-1
b. collagenase
c. serotonin
d. angiotensin convertase
a. interleukin-1
What effect has interleukin-1 on the marrow?
a. incerases the IL-2 production of the pre-blood cells
b. increases the production of the neutrophil granulocytes
c. acute phase proteins are produced
d. the process of cell-division is inhibited
b. increases the production of the neutrophil granulocytes
How does interleukin-1 influence the function of the T lymphocyte?
a. IL-2 production is inhibited
b. immune processes are inhibited
c. IL-2 production grows
d. anti-body production increases
c. IL-2 production grows
What kind of granules can be found in the cytoplasm of lymphocytes?
a. granules that contain immunoglobulin and are painted a purplish colour
b. there are no granules
c. a few basophil granules
d. just a few azurophil granules
d. just a few azurophil granules
What kind of particles can lymphocytes phagocyte?
a. they do not have phagocytotic activity
b. they can only phagocyte liquid antigens
c. they can only phagocyte small solid parti4cles
d. they can phagocyte both liquid and solid substances
a. they do not have phagocytotic activity
What is the job of B lymphocytes?
a. they are the main element of the cellular immune response
b. after becoming a plasma cell they produce immuneglobulins
c. they eliminate tumor cells and virus-infected cells
d. they present antigens
b. after becoming a plasma cell they produce immuneglobulins
What is the role of the T lymphocytes?
a. they produce immuneglobulins
b. they perform phagocytosis
c. they take part in the cellular immune response
d. they inhibit the formation of humoral immune response
c. they take part in the cellular immune response
In what organ does the formation of blood cell take place?
a. Lymph nodes
b. in the spleen
c. in the liver
d. in the red bone marrow
d. in the red bone marrow
Which pre-blood cell (progenitor cell) settles down outside the marrow during the fetal period?
a. T progenitor cell
b. B progenitor cell
c. proerythroblast
d. megakaryoblast
a. T progenitor cell
Who discovered the blood-groups?
a. K. Landsteiner
b. C. Bernard
c. H. Starling
d. W. Einthoven
a. K. Landsteiner
What are hemagglutinogens?
a. anti-bodies found in the red blood plasma
b. antigens found on the surface of the red blood cells
c. protein molecules found on the surface of blood cells
d. genetically determined antigens appearing in the blood plasma
b. antigens found on the surface of the red blood cells
What kind of molecules are hemagglutinogens?
a. glucoproteids
b. oligosaccharides
c. glucolipids and glucoproteins
d. proteids
c. glucolipids and glucoproteins
What hemagglutinogens belong to the same blood-group?
a. chemically very similar antigens
b. they are coded by genes located on the same chromosome
c. they are coded by genes located on gene locuses that are near each other
d. genes that are located on the same gene locus
d. genes that are located on the same gene locus
What kind of molecules are the agglutinogens of the human AB0 blood-group?
a. glucolipids
b. glucoproteids
c. oligosaccharids
d. proteids
a. glucolipids
What blood-group forms without the presence of the H antigen?
a. all kinds of blood-groups can appear
b. no blood-group appear
c. 0 blood-group
d. only A or B blood-groups
b. no blood-group appear
What blood-group antigen is the gene of the N-acetylgalactose transferase enzyme responsible for?
a. B blood-group antigen
b. 0 blood-group antigen
c. A blood-group antigen
d. it is not in connection with blood group antigens
c. A blood-group antigen
What blood-group antigen is the gene of the galactosil transferase enzyme responsible for?
a. 0 blood-group antigen
b. A blood-group antigen
c. B blood-group antigen
d. it is not in connection with blood group antigens
c. B blood-group antigen
What are hemagglutinins?
a. antibodies that agglutinate stranger red blood cells
b. antigens found on the surface of red blood cells
c. protein markers found on the surface of red blood cells
d. genetically determined glucoproteid molecules found in the plasma
a. antibodies that agglutinate stranger red blood cells
What are natural hemagglutinins?
a. antibodies produced against hemagglutinogens, which are always found in the plasma
b. antibodies present without previous immunization
c. antibodies produced after blood transfusion
d. antibodies that agglutinate the red blood cells of animals belonging to the same species
b. antibodies present without previous immunization
Which one of the answers below belongs to the cellular components of the natural immunity?
a. macrophage
b. T-lymphocyte
c. B-lymphocyte
d. Thrombocyte
a. macrophage
Which of the cells stated below belong to the cellular components of the natural immunity?
a. Plasma cell
b. neutrophil granulocyte
c. B-lymphocyte
d. Thymocyte
b. neutrophil granulocyte
Which one of the answers below belong to the cellular components of the natural immunity?
a. T-lymphocyte
b. Hepatocyte
c. eosinophil granulocyte
d. enterocyte
c. eosinophil granulocyte
Which one of the answers below belong to the humoral factors of the natural immunity?
a. IgA
b. Fibrin
c. Albumin
d. complement system
d. complement system
Which one of the answers below belong to the humoral factors of the natural immunity?
a. lysosome
b. IgM
c. IgD
d. Pepsin
a. lysosome
Which one of the answers below belong to the humoral factors of the natural immunity?
a. Interleukin
b. interferon
c. lymphokin
d. heparin
b. interferon
What is characteristic to natural immunity?
a. specific
b. very efficient
c. immediate, non-specific
d. exerts the effects through the lymphoid organs
c. immediate, non-specific
What is characteristic to acquired immunity?
a. Primarily initiated by the CNS
b. Non-specific
c. Less efficient
d. Initiated immediately, later acting
d. Initiated immediately, later acting
Which is the humoral factor of the acquired immunity?
a. specific immunoglobulin
b. complement system
c. lysosim
d. interferon
a. specific immunoglobulin
Which are the cellular factors of acquired immunity?
a. Granulocytes
b. APC, lymphocytes
c. hepatocytes
d. endothelial cells
b. APC, lymphocytes
Which components of the complement cascade play a role in the terminal “membran-drill” reaction?
a. C3
b. C3b
c. C5-C9
d. C1, C2, C4
c. C5-C9
Which is (are) common factor(s) of the complement cascade for the classical and the adaptive pathway?
a. C5-C9
b. C2
c. C1
d. C3, C3b
d. C3, C3b
Which factor in the complement alternative cascade is activated first?
a. B, D
b. C1
c. A
d. C3
a. B, D
In the terminal phase of the complement cascade which factor causes the lysis of the cell?
a. C8
b. C9
c. C7
d. C5
b. C9
Which statement is true for valence?
a. The valence of antigen is characterized by the affinity constant between antigens and immuno globulins
b. The valence of antigen is characterized by number of haptens forming the antigen - antibody complex
c. The valence of antigen is characterized by number of haptens on the antigen surface
d. The valence of an antigen can be either -1 or +1, depending on the capability to form antigen - antibody complex
c. The valence of antigen is characterized by number of haptens on the antigen surface
What influences the antigenity?
a. Degree of complexity
b. antigen size
c. the chemical structure of the whole antigen
d. the haptens of the antigen which bind to the immunoglobulin
d. the haptens of the antigen which bind to the immunoglobulin
What influences the immunogenity?
a. Complexity of chemical structure
b. the haptens of the antigen which bind to the immunoglobulin
c. the affinity between the antigen and the immunoglobulin
d. the avidity of the antigen
a. Complexity of chemical structure
What parts are connected by the neck region of the IgG?
a. the 2 light chains
b. the 2 heavy chains
c. the Fab and Fc
d. the 2 Fc’s
c. the Fab and Fc
The Fab part of antibody consists of
a. 2 light chains
b. 2 heavy chains
c. light chains, heavy chains
d. only hypervariable domains
c. light chains, heavy chains
The antigen binding part of antibody consists of:
a. 1 Fc part
b. 2 light chains
c. 2 heavy chains
d. heavy chains and light chains
d. heavy chains and light chains
The Fc part of antibody consists of:
a. 2 heavy chains
b. light and heavy chains
c. 2 light chains
d. hypervariable chains
a. 2 heavy chains
What components appear after pepsin digestion of the IgG?
a. 2 Fab’s and 1 decomposed Fc
b. 1 bivalent Fab and 1 decomposed Fc
c. 1 bivalent Fab and 1 intact Fc
d. 2 heavy and 2 light chains
b. 1 bivalent Fab and 1 decomposed Fc
What components appear after papain digestion of the IgG?
a. 1 bivalent Fab and 1 intact Fc
b. 1 bivalent Fab and 1 decomposed Fc
c. 2 equivalent Fab and 1 intact Fc
d. 2 equivalent Fab and 1 decomposed Fc
c. 2 equivalent Fab and 1 intact Fc
What is the function of the IgA?
a. it binds strongly to the basophil granulocytes
b. it binds to the macrophages
c. it binds to the c1 component of system of complement
d. contributes to the immune mechanism of mucous membranes
d. contributes to the immune mechanism of mucous membranes
What special parts does the IgA have ?
a. secretory component(Sc) and joining protein(J)
b. 2 secretory components(Sc)
c. 2 joining protein(J)
d. monomer transport proteins
a. secretory component(Sc) and joining protein(J)
What does the IgM consist of?
a. 1 secretory component(Sc) and 1 joining protein(J)
b. several connecting proteins(J)
c. several secretory components(Sc)
d. one joining protein
b. several connecting proteins(J)
What is true for MHC?
a. it is expressed only on the T lymphocytes
b. it is expressed only on the B lymphocytes
c. it appears on every nucleated cell
d. it is expressed on the immune cells only
c. it appears on every nucleated cell
What is the role of the MHC I?
a. macrophages bind to it
b. B lymphocytes bind to it
c. T helper lymphocytes bind to it
d. cytotoxic T lymphocytes bind to it
d. cytotoxic T lymphocytes bind to it
In which process does the MHC I take part?
a. elimination of tumour cells
b. elimination of bacteria
c. elimination of parasites
d. stimulation of macrophages
a. elimination of tumour cells
What is the role of the MHC II?
a. recognition of the antigen
b. coexpression with the antigen on the surface of the APC cells
c. labeling tumour infected cells
d. labeling virus infected cells
b. coexpression with the antigen on the surface of the APC cells
Which cells do express on their surface the MHC II structure?
a. T lymphocytes
b. tumour cells
c. antigen presenting cells
d. virus infected cells
c. antigen presenting cells
What is the place of the development of pre-B lymphocytes?
a. lymph
b. blood
c. secondary lymph organs
d. primary lymph organs
d. primary lymph organs
What happens in the antigen independent phase of the clone selection?
a. gene rearrangament
b. development of class specific immunglobulins
c. blastic transformation
d. production of plasma cells
a. gene rearrangament
What does happen in the antigen dependent phase of the clone selection?
a. development of pre-T-lymphocytes
b. blastic transformation of B lymphocytes
c. development of hypervariable domains
d. synthesis of Colony Defining signals
b. blastic transformation of B lymphocytes
What is the place of the antigen dependent phase of the clone selection?
a. primary lymph organs
b. blood
c. secondary lymph organs
d. lymph vessels
c. secondary lymph organs
What does happen in the last phase of the immune answer?
a. blastic transformation
b. development of immunglobulin diversity
c. gene rearrangament
d. appearence of antigen specific immunglobulins in the blood stream
d. appearence of antigen specific immunglobulins in the blood stream
What happens in the afferent phase of the immune process?
a. presentation of the antigen
b. synthesis of the antibodies
c. activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes
d. blastic transformation of B lymphocytes
a. presentation of the antigen
What happens in the central phase of the immune process?
a. presentation of the antigen
b. blastic transformation and synthesis of antibodies
c. activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes
d. elimination of the antigen
b. blastic transformation and synthesis of antibodies
What happens in the efferent phase of the immune process?
a. presentation of the antigen
b. synthesis of antibodies
c. elimination of the antigen
d. gene rearrangament
c. elimination of the antigen
What is the antigen presenting cell of the skin?
a. monocytes
b. dendritic cells
c. interdigital cells
d. Langerhans cells
d. Langerhans cells
What is the antigen presenting cell of the lymph nodes?
a. interdigital cells
b. Langerhans cells
c. macrophages
d. monocytes
a. interdigital cells
Which antigen presenting cell can phagocytose ?
a. Langerhans cell
b. macrophage
c. interdigital cell
d. dendritic cell
b. macrophage
Which are the antigen presenting cells in the blood?
a. Langerhans cell
b. interdigital cell
c. monocytes, B lymphocytes
d. dendritical cell
c. monocytes, B lymphocytes
Which organ belongs to the central lymph organs?
a. liver
b. Peyer’s patches in the intestine
c. spleen
d. bone marrow in adult animals
d. bone marrow in adult animals
Which belongs to the central lymph organs?
a. fetal liver
b. spleen
c. Peyer’s paches in the intestine
d. lymph glands
a. fetal liver
Which belongs to the peripheral lymph organs?
a. adult bone marrow
b. lymph glands
c. infant liver
d. thymus
b. lymph glands
Where does the blastic transformation occur?
a. in the blood
b. in the thymus
c. in the lymph glands
d. in the liver
c. in the lymph glands
What is the secretion product of the T helper cells?
a. immunglobulins
b. MHC-I
c. thymosin
d. interleukin
d. interleukin
Where do the virgo T cells develop?
a. thymus
b. liver
c. fetal primordial cellpool
d. fetal liver
a. thymus
What’s the role of the T helper cells?
a. they present antigen to B lymphocytes
b. they activate B cells and macrophages
c. they present antigens to cytotoxic T lymphocytes
d. they increase the proliferation of pre-T cells
b. they activate B cells and macrophages
How is the elimination of the antigen carried out?
a. By lytic activity of the cytotoxic T lymphocytes
b. by phagocytosis of the T helper cells
c. by opsonisation and phagocytosis
d. by B lymphocytes
c. by opsonisation and phagocytosis
Which immunglobulin class appears first during the secondary immune answer?
a. IgD
b. IgA
c. IgM
d. IgG
d. IgG
Which immunglobulin class appears first during the primary immune answer?
a. IgM
b. IgG
c. IgA
d. IgE
a. IgM
Which components are activated first during the classical way of the complement reaction?
a. B, D
b. C1, C2, C4
c. C3
d. C5-C9
b. C1, C2, C4
What is an antigen?
a. it is produced by specific cells of the body b. during the immune answer
c. foreign substances from the outer environment getting into the body
d. a substance that triggers immune answer
lipid containing macromolecules
c. foreign substances from the outer environment getting into the body
What statement describes the specificity of the immune answer?
a. cross reaction does not occur in the antigen/antibody binding
b. selected T or selected B cells bind the antigen
c. only one specific antigen determinant is bound
d. the immune system produces specific immunglobulins against the antigen
d. the immune system produces specific immunglobulins against the antigen
Which expression describes the binding strength between antigen and antibody?
a. affinity
b. antigenicity
c. immunogenicity
d. valency
a. affinity
How does the molecular mass influence the immunogenicity?
a. above 100 000 Da it is weak
b. below 4000 Da it is weak
c. above 4000 Da it is strong
d. it does not influence the immunogenicity
b. below 4000 Da it is weak
Which parameter of the antigen is influenced by adjuvants?
a. the antigenicity
b. the specificity
c. the immunogenicity
d. they have no effect
c. the immunogenicity
What is a xeno-antigen?
a. antigen bound to large molecular mass carrier
b. the antigen belongs to its own body
c. the antigen is the material of the same species
d. the antigen is a material originating from another species
d. the antigen is a material originating from another species
What is an alloantigen?
a. antigen bound to a large molecular mass carrier
b. the antigen belongs to the own body
c. the antigen is the material of the same species
d. the antigen is a material originating from another species
c. the antigen is the material of the same species
What is an autoantigen?
a. antigen bound to a large molecular mass carrier
b. the antigen belongs to its own body
c. the antigen is the material of the same species
d. the antigen is a material originating from another species
b. the antigen belongs to its own body
What is the immunogenicity?
a. an attribute determined by the number of epitopes
b. the strength of the antigen-antibody binding
c. the ability to trigger immune answer
d. the index of the specificity of the immune answer
c. the ability to trigger immune answer
What is the antigenicity?
a. an attribute determined by the molecular mass of the antigen
b. an attribute determined by the whole of the antigen molecule
c. the ability to trigger immune answer
d. the ability of the antigen to be able toreact with the antibody produced against it
d. the ability of the antigen to be able toreact with the antibody produced against it
How is the self-restriction of the immune answer realized?
a. via negative feed-back mechanism
b. via macrophage inhibition
c. such reactions do not exist
d. via basophil activation
a. via negative feed-back mechanism
Which part of the immune system recognizes the self/non-self character of a substance?
a. the basophil granulocytes
b. mainly the T lymphocytes
c. the macrophages
d. the plasma cells
b. mainly the T lymphocytes
How long does it take for immunglobulins to appear in the blood during the primary immune answer?
a. 2-3 days
b. 10-12 days
c. 5-7 days
d. 2-4 days
c. 5-7 days
How much time should pass before you can detect an antibody in secondary immune response?
a. 10-12 days
b. 2-4 weeks
c. 5-6 days
d. 2-3 days
d. 2-3 days
What is the relationship of the antibody concentration in the secondary immune response compared to the primary one?
a. concentration is increased
b. concentration is decreased
c. concentration is significantly decreased at the first, then it is slowly increased l
d. no change in concentration
a. concentration is increased
What does the clone selection theory state?
a. one B lymphocyte is able to produce antibody against different antigens
b. antigen specific B lymphocyte is present before the antigen appears in the body
c. all the heavy and light chains of the large number of immunoglobulin molecules are coded by a single gene
d. antigen specificity of a B lymphocyte is generated after antigen apears in the body
b. antigen specific B lymphocyte is present before the antigen appears in the body
Which phase of B lymphocyte maturation is independent of the antigen?
a. activated B cell
b. plasma cell
c. immature B cell
d. all phases depend on antigen presence
c. immature B cell
Which phase in B lymphocyte maturation depends on the antigen?
a. mature B cell
b. immature B cell
c. pre-B cell
d. acitvated B cell
d. acitvated B cell
Which form B cell can not be found in the bone marrow during its maturation?
a. activated B cell
b. mature B cell
c. pre-B cell
d. immature B cell
a. activated B cell
Which constant region will be transcribed without aantigen?
a. C alpha
b. C mu
c. C gamma
d. C epsilon
b. C mu
Which immunological method could be used to analyze the concentration of some materials?
a. FACS
b. FICOLL
c. RIA
d. rosetta technics
c. RIA
What determines the contractility?
a. isotonic tension
b. isometric tension
c. maximum isometric tension, maximum contraction speed
d. contraction speed
c. maximum isometric tension, maximum contraction speed
What influences the efficiency of the working fibers in the heart?
a. parasympathetic stimulation
b. sympathetic inhibition
c. direct electrical stimulation
d. sympathetic stimulation
d. sympathetic stimulation
