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Physiology 1 > MT - 7: Reproduction > Flashcards

MT - 7: Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

TOPIC 87

Male genitals

A

External male genitals
Internal male genitals
Puberty
Produce’s sperm their entire life

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2
Q

TOPIC 87

Internal male genitals

A 
Testis
Ductus deferens
Epididyimis
Sertolli cells
Leydig cells
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3
Q

TOPIC 87

Hormone regulation in male reprod. system

A 
* Sertolli cells: FSH -> Major function in spermiocytegenisis
Hormones + Other
- Estogen
- Inhibin
- Dihydrotestosterone
- Androgen binding sites
- Mullerian inhibitory factor
* Leydig cells: LH, testosterone production
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4
Q

TOPIC 87

External genitals

A

Glands in the wall (muscle)

Penis -> w/ Prepuce

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5
Q

TOPIC 87

Spermatogenisis

A
  • Mediator: INHIBIN
  • Negative feedback: between measured spermatogenesis & seccretion of FSH
  • Continious supply w/ ANDROGENS
  • Sertolli cells
  • Spermiocytogenisis
  • Spermiomorphogenisis - Spermatids spermatozoa
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6
Q

TOPIC 87

Spermiomorphogenisis - Spermatids spermatozoa

A

Maturational phase
Golgi phase
Cap phase
Acrosome phase

(60-70 days cycle)

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7
Q

TOPIC 87

Hormone regulation

A
  • LH (hypertrophy of LEYDIG cells) -> stimulation and production of TESTOSTERONE
  • FSH (Sertolli) -> ABP, Bind testosterone, transport testosterone -> epididydimis, converts test -> dihydrotest + estrogen.
  • Androgen and Neural controll
  • Parracrine effect
    (*if administrated: LH or GnRH stimulates endrogenous testosterone production)
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8
Q

TOPIC 88

Role of accesory sexual gland in males

A 
Vitality and Motility of spermatozoa
Ampulla
Seminal Vesicles
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral gland
Transport, Capacitation and Fertilization
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9
Q

TOPIC 88

Male sexual reflexes

A
  • ERECTION (sympathic & Parasympathetic)
  • Preparation, Stimulation, Regulatory,
  • COPULATION PROCESS
  • EJACULATION
  • INTERMISSION
  • EMISSION

(* Induced by exogenous&endogenous Stimuli)
(* Elicited via cortex mid brain chord axis)

  • REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOUR
  • Precopulatory
  • Copulatory
  • Postcopulatory
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10
Q

TOPIC 89

Phases of the estrus cycle

A
  • 4 stages estrus cycle
  • Proestrus
  • Estrus
  • Metestrus
  • Diestrus
  • Ovarian cycle
  • Ovarian function
  • Follicular phase: days - PRO + ESTRUS
  • Ovulatory phase: minutes
  • Luteal phase: days - MET + DIESTRUS
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11
Q

TOPIC 89

Species specificities in the sexual cycle

A
  • Primates - Follicular + Lutheal phase follows sequentially
  • Domestic animals - Maturation and growth of follicles = continuously also during lutheal phase (Periodically growth)
  • Length: Primates (28-32 days), Farm animals(17-21 days)
  • Types
  • Seasonally (mono + poly estrus)
    ¨ Continuously: Cow + Sow
    ¨ Periodical: Dog + Horse
  • Continuously (No an-estrus)
  • Type of ovulation
  • Reflex
  • Induced coitus: Rabbit, Cat, Lama
  • Spontaneous: Independent
  • SHEEP: Fertilization in atumn +winter - Pregnancy 5 mnd
  • HORSE: Fertilization in Spring - Pregnancy 11 mnd
  • CAT: Continuously without lutheal phase.
    (If coitus occur = Ovulation and lutheal phase)
  • RABBIT: Maturation of follicles = continuously, followed by follicular atresia = ALWAYS suitable follicle for INDUCED OVULATION - Ovary contains follicles in several stages
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12
Q

TOPIC 90

Cyclic function of female reproductive organs

A
  • CYCLIC function of the OVARIES
  • Follicular phase
  • Luteinization
  • Luteal phase
  • Ovulation follows LH peak
  • Meiotic division
  • Cycle of the UTERINE TUBE
  • Proestrus
  • Estrus
  • Metestrus
  • Cycle of the UTERUS
  • Metestrus
  • Diestrus
  • Anestrus
  • Cylcle of the CERVIX
  • Proestrus/ Estrus
  • Anestrus (fertilization)
  • Cycle of the VAGINA
  • Proestrus/estrus
  • Metestrus/diestrus
  • ´
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13
Q

TOPIC 91

Hormonal changes during the estrus cycle

A
  • ESTRUS - Period when animals start to breed
  • ESTRUS CYCLE - Entire cycle between two ovulations
  • SECRETION og GnRH
  • HORMONAL CHANGES DURING CYCLE
  • LUTEAL PHASE -> estrogen levels
  • ATROPHY - Partial/compleete waste
  • LUTEOLYSIS - Uterine secretion (PGF2alpha: Atrophy)
  • FOLLICULAR PHASE: Progesterone, LH
  • REGULATION OF SEASONALITY
  • Melatonin: Determine rush into cycle
  • During fall(sheep): <9,5 hours
  • During spring: >9,5 hours
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14
Q

TOPIC 92

Hormonal effects in the ovary; hormones of the ovary

A
  • Hormones modullating OVARIAN FUNCTIONS: FSH, LH, PGF 2alpha
  • Hormones PRODUCED in the OVARIES:
    Estrogen, Progesterone, Inhibin, Relaxin

E: Theca Interna: LH-rec, preov.fol:GnRHrecept
L: Granulosa Cells: FSH-rec, GnHR-rec, LG-rec

  • EARLY FOLLICUAR PHASE
  • cAMB in Theca cells incr. mitochondrial cholesterol uptake
  • Pregnenolon is synthesized and transp -> ER
  • Transformed to Progesterone
  • Transformed - Androstendion / Testosterone
  • Aromatase stim by FSH - Transforms Androstendion/Testosteron->Estrone/Estradiol
  • LATE FOLLICULAR PHASE (inc further estrogen synthesis)
  • Progesterone appairs in circulation
  • Progesterone+Estrogene require LH to synthes
  • LH necessary - transform Granulosa cells - Granulsalutein cells
  • GRANULOSA CELLS produce PROGESTERONE
  • PROLACTIN
  • INHIBIN
  • OTHER HORMONES: LH-inhibiting hormone
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15
Q

TOPIC 93
Fertilization, embryogenesis; maternal recognition of pregnancy

Fertilization

A
  • Common basic molecular events
  • receptor-ligand interactions
  • Signalling cascades
  • Specific protolysis
  • Nuclear transformation
  • Spermatozoa
  • Zona reaction
    1. Begins with exocytosis of cortical granules (Cortical reaction), Zona pelucida digested with PROTEASE
    2. Zona pelucida hardens
    3. Rest of sperm cells destroyed
  • STEPS OF FERTILIZATION
  • POST-FERTILIZATION EVENTS
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16
Q

TOPIC 93
Fertilization
Spermatozoa

A
  1. Ascend the cervix.
  2. Transported to the oviduct.
  3. Undergo capacitation.
  4. Bind to the oocyte.
  5. Undergo the acrosome reaction.
  6. Penetrates the zona pellucida.
  7. fuse with the oocyte plasma membrane.
  8. After that fusion, the fertilizing spermatozoon enters the oocyte cytoplasm.
  9. The nucleus de-condenses.
  10. the male pronucleus is formed, thus signalling the successful fertilization.
17
Q

TOPIC 93
Fertilization
STEPS OF FERTILIZATION

A
  1. Dissolving of the corona radiate, by hyalurondiase enzyme.
  2. Acrosie , promote penetration of the zona pellucida.
  3. The sperm enters perivitelline space, the fusion of the two cells happens.
  4. The activation of the ovarium starts, beginning of the embryonic life, and at the same time defence mechanisms against other sperms. Cortical granules are released from the cytoplasm located under the surface of the ovum
18
Q

TOPIC 93
Fertilization
* POST-FERTILIZATION EVENTS

A
  • Fusion
  • Sperm head into the egg cytoplasm.
  • Nuclear envelope disappears
  • Chromatin rapidly looses = de-condensation.

Chromatin from sperm and egg encapsulates in a nuclear membrane forming pronuclear.

19
Q

TOPIC 93

EMBRYOGENESIS

A 
Zygote
Cleavage division
Blastocysts
Hatching
Nidation
Preimplantation
Embryonic membranes
Placenta
20
Q

TOPIC 93

maternal recognition of pregnancy

A

Chemicals in contact with endometrium prevents LUTEAL REGRESSION, allowing CORPUS LUTEUM

  • CORPUS GRAVITAS to produce P4
  • INHIB of PGF2alpha - prevents Luteolysis
  • Primates and Humans
  • Secr of human CHORION GONADTROPIN
    = Stim continuous secr. of PROGESTERONE
  • HORSE
  • EPF and ESTRADIOL: Inhib PHF2alpha
  • RUMINANTS
  • Secrete: Interferon tau, Inhib: PHF2alpha
    Corpus luteus survives
  • DOG
  • Pattern of PROGESTERONE essentially the same pregnant or not pregnant. Cycle 4-6 month
  • SWINE
  • Embryo migrate before implantation, Secrete: Estrogen -changes dir of PHF2alpha
    <4 embryos = ABORTION
21
Q

TOPIC 94

Endocrinology of pregnancy; fetoplacental endocrine unit

A
  • PROGESTERONE: Key hormone
  • Ovarian
  • Hypo-pituitary
  • Placental factors
  • Lutheal face longer
  • Beginning -> Ovary only source
  • TWO GROUPS
  • Dependant corpus luteum (mainsource P4): Decrease P4 = ABORTION
    = DOG, CAT, GOAT, SWINE
  • Independant corpus luteum (placenta transformed -> Temporal endocrine)
    = Primates, HORSE, SHEEP, COW
    “Experimental ovariectomie in 2nd trimester”
  • PLACENTAL HORMONES
  • Progesterone
  • Choriogonadotropins: hCH, eCG
  • Placental lactogens: PL
  • Estrogen
  • Chorionic somatomammotropin: GROWTH and LACTATION: not fetus
    ¨Pregnant mare¨
    ¨Human¨
  • Pregnancy test
  • hCG detection from urine
  • COW:
    Rectal investigation,
    Plasma/milk progesterone
    RIA
    ELISA
    EIA
  • HORSE:
    CUBONY Test
22
Q

TOPIC 95
The endocrinology of parturition; birth
PHASE I

A
  • PHASE I: Preparatory phase:
  • Infiltration and swelling of the birth canal
  • Cervical plug is dissolved, appears in vagina,
  • Pelvic ligament relaxed,
  • Abdominal wall is lowered,
  • Body temp decreases.
  • Uterus reaches a tonic status.

Opening:
- Birth canal is further dilated
- Uterus has a rhythmic contraction - labor pains.
- Connection between the fetal and maternal parts of the placenta gets looser. -Fetal membrane moves -> uterine orfice, open it slid through the cervix and appears in the vaginal slot.
- 1st: Allantois,
- 2nd: Amniotic sac appears.
(The so called preparsatory pains begin)
The upper limb may be pushed out already.

23
Q

TOPIC 95
The endocrinology of parturition; birth
PHASE II

A
  • Phase II: Phase of contraction:
    The most intensive phase , severe pain.
  • Oxytosin stimulates rhythmic uterinal contraction
  • Increased abdominal pressure: expulsion fetus.
  • 1st: head is pushed out, 2nd: The rest.
24
Q

TOPIC 95
The endocrinology of parturition; birth
PHASE III

A

Phase III: After phase:

  • After pains, expelling the membranes
  • Following parturition
  • Morpgological recovery of uterus begins, to reach pre-gravid status.
  • The expel of fetal membrane to the environment.
25
Q

TOPIC 95
The endocrinology of parturition; birth
Normal birth position:

A

Normal birth position:

  • Presentation: Position of the fetus in the birth canal
    Head first, bottom can cause complications.
  • Position: Location of the fetal vertebral column at the birth canal.
    Abdomen down normal position, abdomen up may cause problems:
  • Deportment: Position of the fetal limbs and the head in relation to the birth canal. Normal is the stretched limbs.
26
Q

TOPIC 95
The endocrinology of parturition; birth
The endocrinology of parturition:

A

*End of pregnancy:
High P4
Low E2 uterus is insensitive of contracting effect of E2 and Oxytocine.
Initatory of change: fetal stress.

Activation of the fetal hypoyh-hypophysis-adrenocortex axis:
*Glucocorticoids+ C19 steroids are synthesized.
*Glucocorticoids inhibit P4 synthesis in the placenta and ovary
*P4 is converted to E2 due to the activity of 17-alfa-hidroxylase.
*In the same time adrogens are converted to E2, activate the phospolyase A2 which stimulates prostahlandin synthesis in the uterus and placenta.
Horse: the factors that initiate partuition in the mare have not been elucidated.

27
Q

TOPIC 95

The endocrinology of parturition; birth

A
  • Phase I: The preparatory phase
  • Opening
  • Phase II: The phase of contraction
  • Phase III: After pain
  • Normal Birth possition
  • Pressentation
  • Position
  • Deportment
  • End of pregnancy (endocrinology)
  • Initatory change
  • Activation of fetal hypoth-hypophysis-adrenocortex-axis
  • Glucocorticoids + C19 steroids synth
  • Glucocorticoids inhibits P4 synth (placenta+ovaries)
  • P4 converted - E2
  • Androgens - E2
  • Prostaglandin synt in Uterus and placenta
  • Horse: Partuation have not bin elucidated
28
Q

TOPIC 96

Mammary gland development, lactogenesis

A

In mammals the milk is the only natural way to feed the newborn. It protect against pathogens.

29
Q

TOPIC 96
Mammary gland development, lactogenesis
Phases of Mammary gland development

A

Mammogenesis
Lactogenesis
Galactopoesis
Ejection

30
Q

TOPIC 96
Mammary gland development, lactogenesis
Mammogenesis

A

Development of gland.
The development begins when the animal is an early fetus and proceeds beyond initiation and lactation.

  1. Development before birth. Normal Mammogenesis in females around puberty.
  2. Development from birth to pregnancy:
    - Isometric growth: mammary growth rate is similar to the body’s. Mostly fat and connective tissue growth.
  • Allometric growth: Mammary growth is 3.5times higher that he body’s. Lasts for 2-3 months following puberty. Mostly ductural growth.
  1. Development during pregnancy: Further lobuloalveolar development. Happens also due to endocrionological effects:
    PRL, glucocorticoids, placenta lactogen+ local factors.
  2. Development during lactation: further alveolobular growth until peak lactation, then regression happens. Mammary epithelial cells begin to secret.
  • During dry period: secretory cells go through on regression, preparation for the next lactation phase.
  • During lactation: Continues growth until peak-lactation.

Milk production is related to the number of secretory cells and secretory activity. During lactation the number of dying cells is higher than the number of growing cells.

Mammary gland has more secretory cells at the beginning of lactation than at the end of lactation.

During dry period: same as last dry period.

  • Hormonal effects in mammogenesis:
  • Growth hormone: Development of parenchyma, expression of epithel receptors.
  • Glucocorticoids: important in the development of ducts+ in the growth of lobulo-alveolar structure.
  • Estrogen: significant species differences. Stimulates development of parenchyma. Must in cow, not in sheep. IGF important, transmitter of effect.
  • Progesterone: lobular-alveolar development, especially in later phase of pregnancy.
  • Prolactin: species differences, it has permissive effect on steroids in cow, not that important in cow, growth hormones can take over.
  • Placenta lactogen: GH- and PRL- like effect, influence the size of calf, as well as the milking capacity.
31
Q

TOPIC 96
Mammary gland development, lactogenesis
Lactogenesis

A
  • Milk synthesis, milk secretion.
  • Two stages
  • Hormonal effects in lactogenesis.
32
Q

TOPIC 96
Mammary gland development, lactogenesis
Stages of Lactogenesis

A

Stage 1: cytological and differentiating of the epithelial cells. Limited milk synthesis. Before parturition. Some milk components make their first appearance in the mammary gland. Formation of colostrums P4 +E2 inhibit the real milk production in Phase 1. Due to gradualchemical and morphological changes .
Stage 2: Intensive secretion of milk, and shorter than stage 1. Begins when the inhibitory effects of progesterone on lactogenesis decreases and the stimulation by the very high blood concentrations of prolactin and glucocorticoids occur. Colostrum and then milk synthesis and secretion occur during lactogensis II. Result of abrupt cardiovascular metabolic and secretory changes.

33
Q

TOPIC 96
Mammary gland development, lactogenesis
*Hormonal effects in lactogenesis.

A
  • Progesterone: Antilactogenic
  • Prolactin: Lactogentic, , Increase milk protein synthesis, controls expression of genes necessary for casein synthesis.
  • Glucocorticoids: Lactogenic hormones, induce differentiation of dough ER and Golgi apparatus, the differentiation is necessary for Prolactin induced syntheses.
  • Estrogen: Lactogenic hormone, increase secretion of PRL and other lactogenic hormones from pituitary flans, increase PRL receptors mammary cells. stimulates synthesis of casein and alfa-lactalbumin.
  • Local factors: PGF2alfa- inhibits milk secretion, reduced during suckling.
  • Lactose: Decreasing P4 and increasing glucocorticoids and PRL secretions initiates the synthesis of alpha-lactalbumin. Allow more secration of milk. The synthesis of milk is increased.
  • Role of colostrums: produced in lactogenesis phase. The role of the colostrums is the maternal immunity, nutrient role and laxative effect .
  • Colostrums contains more protein, fat soluble vitamins, lipids, minerals, water and essential amino acids.
34
Q

TOPIC 96
Mammary gland development, lactogenesis
Galactopoesis

A
  • Maintenance of milk production.
    Regulated by galactopoietics hormones and local factors.
* Hormonal factors:  
Includes prolactin, 
Growth hormones, 
Thyroid hormones and 
Glucocorticoids. 
The prolactin is the most important.
  • Local factors: the nursing stimulus triggers release of galactopoietics hormones which may stimulate the next round of secretory activity.

If milk removal is not maintained there is no stimulation of prolactin release.

35
Q

TOPIC 96
Mammary gland development, lactogenesis
Ejection

A

Milk ejection is a two-component neuro-hormonal reflect:
- Neural component= afferent component - and Hormonal component=efferent component.

  • Oxytocin: do not have mechanical stimulate, but released by visual and auditory signals, there is a contraction of alveolus.
  • Involution:
    Regressive transformation of the gland.
36
Q

TOPIC 97
Reproduction of birds
FEMALES

A
  • Development of ovary:
  • Infundibulum:
  • Role
  • Magnum:
  • Role
  • Isthmus
  • Role
  • Uterus:
  • Role
  • Uterovaginal sphincter:
  • Brooding:
37
Q

TOPIC 97
Reproduction of birds
FEMALE SEXUAL HORMONES

A
  • Estrogen:
    Estrone (E1) and estradiol (E2) takes part in the reproductive process.
  • Progesterone:
    P4 level in the plasma increases in the second phase of follicle maturation at the age of 13-15 weeks, together with the increase of LH
  • LH-FSH
    After puberty a basal level of LH develops. This is interrupted by preovulatory peaks.
  1. Sensitizing phase: Hypothalamic P receptors are increased by the high E and P, so GnRH production increase.
  2. Iductive phase: constant rise of preovulatory P peak is enough to stimulate LH secretion by the sensitized hypothalamo-hypophysal photoreceptor system activating the GnRH secretion which increases the production of FSH and LH, resulting in maturation in the gonads.
38
Q

TOPIC 97
Reproduction of birds
MALES

A
  • Testis: Inside the abdominal cavity.
    This function as an endocrine gland.
  • Epididymis: Sperm maturation
  • Ductus deferens: Main storage of the inactive spermatozoa
  • Phallus: Two papilla, coming together from each side. Small and has associated lymph glands produce a fluid that is added to the semen.
  • Spermatogenesis: During puberty, they are matured on the seminiferous tubules, which contribute to the setoli cells.
  • Sperm: The capital part is not flattened, but cylindrical.
  • Acrosomal cap and Acrosomal cavity do not separate.
  • Post-nuclear cap does not evolve.
  • The neck region is less mobile
  • Male sexual hormones
  • The basic sexual gender of the bird is male. - Leydig cells: Synthesizes androgens,
  • Testis synthesize: estrogen and P4

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