Lab 2 - Haematology Flashcards
Biochemical Polymorphisms
What is biochemical polymorphism?
Different individuals of a given species possess different variants or subunits of certain molecules. This variants slightly differ from one another in amino acid composition/sequence while they have the same function.
What is a multi-metric Protein
Certain protein molecules in an individual are made up by more than one polypeptide chain. = Multimeric Proteins
What does a subunit consist of?
Polypeptide chains
The subunits may be identical or may vary in sequence, even thug they perform the same function.
If the subunits are different, different combinations of subunits can give rise to multiple variants of the same protein.
What is a Isoenzyme?
If the subunits of a protein is a enzyme, the different variants of the enzyme is called Isoenzyme.
Reffered Phenomenon: Biochemical polymorphism!
What is genetic polymorphism?
Additional to biochemical polymorphism which can be found within an individual. There will also be differences in the sequence of the same subunit between different individuals. Because alleles (alternative forms of sequence) of the genetic coding for the subunit occur in different individuals = Genetic Polymorphism
Combination of Genetic and Biochemical polymorphism can…
Can potentially give rise to a large number of isoenzymatic variants, with differing physical properties, in a population of animals.
What is cold agglutination?
Agglutination may occur in temperatures below room temperature. Even in type O
What is isocytosis?
If all cells have same diameter
What do you use to dilute blood?
Physiological Saline
What does Türk solution?
Lyses red bloodcells and stain nucleus of white blood cells.
What kind of Ig is anti-D
IgG type
What is meant by microcytosis?
All cells are smaller than normal
What happens in a so called cold agglutination?
Below room temperature the test of blood groups is not accurate. As all blood cells including type O agglutinate which cannot happen as there are no antigens present on type O.
In which case can a anti Rh-antibody in a negative Rh individual be found?
After birth of a Rh positive baby, or if a individual was transfused with Rh positive blood and antibodies formed against rhesus factor.
For what is the so called minor crossmatch test used for?
To detect antibodies in the test the DONORS serum against the recipients red blood cell antigens.
Whit what solution do we dilute blood samples for the white blood cell counting?
Türk solution (Crystal violet in acetic acids)
Where do we find the human antigens
On surface of red bloodcells
Do cats have Preform antibodies
Yes, special type B has preform antibodies against A
What is immunotollerance?
The immune system tolerates its own red blood cell antigens
Name some consequences of a incompatible blood transfusion
Donors red bloodcells may be destroyed in recipients plasma (Hemolysis)
Causing: Shock, fever, acute uremia or even death
What is intravascular hemolysis?
Donors red bloodcells may be destroyed in recipients plasma
What is the type II hypersensitivity reaction?
The recipients antibodies bind to the surface antigens of the donors red bloodcells. The IgM hemagglutinius activate the complement system and cause the transfused red blood cell to undergo hemolysis.
What is the aim of blood transfusion?
To substitute red bloodcells in the recipients. Avoiding incompatibility between the donors red blood cells and the recipients serum.
What is the Rhesus (Rh) system?
The second most important human blood group system.
What are the three genes making up the Rh antigens?
C, D and E
Furthermore..
Alllets:
C/c , D/d and E/e
How can you say that a individual is Rh positive?
If a genotype contains at least one of the C, D, E antigens = He or she is Rh positive
In practice = D most important.
Does the Rh system have Preformed antibodies as the ABO system?
No,
If Rh positive red blood cell goes into the bloodstream of an negative individual, anti-D (IgG type) antibodies form.
Give an example of an incompatible blood transfusion
If Rh positive red blood cell goes into the bloodstream of an negative individual, anti-D (IgG type) antibodies form.
What happens if a Rh negative mother gives birth to a Rh positive child?
The fetal red blood cells can get into the maternal bloodstream during child birth- The mother will produce anti-D antibodies . During the next pregnancy with an Rh positive fetus , maternal anti-D antibodies can get into the fetal maternal bloodstream through the placenta and cause the fetal erythrocytes to undergo lysis.
What is human blood group determination based on?
Hemagglutination:
Hemagglutination reacts with red blood cells that have antigens that the haemagglutinin recognizes. If reaction takes place, visible clumps will form. Sorroundings will be clear
Bloodgroups of domestic animals
What is different from humans?
- Usually no preformed antibodies are present against RBC antigens of other individuals
- In many cases blood group antigens are present in the placenta as well.
- Most artificcialy prod. antibodies have a hemolysing rather than agglutinating effect.
In domestic animals, how are antibodies produced?
By immunization.
First polyvalent serum is produced
The unwanted antibodies are bound and eliminated.(Saturation)
Monovalent antibodies obtained in this way are used for blood typing.
What is Neonnathal isoerythrolysis?
When blood transfusion does not work
What is Saturation?
The unwanted antibodies are bound and eliminated.
Bovine bloodgroups
How manny blood groups and antigens?
13 BG
100 Antigens
What is hemolysis method? And who is it used for?
Used for bovine.
- First, a red blood cell suspension is prepared from the blood sample.
- The suspension is mixed by a monovalent test serum that contains the compliment factors (Rabit, Guineapig)
- If red blood cell antigens react: Antigen-Antibody complex formed = POSITIVE TEST
- If not: Red blood cells settle to the bottom of TT. = NEG
Canine and Feline blood groups
How manny sorts of blood group antigens?
Dogs: 14 antigens (Most dogs have 4 DEA) 7 good
Cats: 2 antigens ( A and B bloodgr antigens) European shorthair : A… Persian: B
Canine and Feline blood groups
What if a type B cat best type A or AB
Fatal transfusion reaction (within 24 hours), cause of blood plasma of type B has a large amount of anti-A antibodies.
Canine and Feline blood groups
What if a type A cat best type B or AB
Late type of hemolysis or acute reaction will occur.
Canine and Feline blood groups
What can you give a type AB cat?
Really rare. AB or Type A (contains just a few anti-b bodies)
When do you preform cross match test?
Prior to blood transfusion
For what is the so called major crossmatch test used for?
To detect the antibodies in the RECIPIENTS Red Blood Cells Antigens against the DONORS serum for blood transfusion
How do you perform a Biological incapability test?
Simplest test! Just a small amount of blood is administered (5-20ml dog deepening on bwt). After 5 min general reaction: - Pulsrate Other referring to incompatibilities - Restlessness - Shivvering - Elevated pulse - Respiration - Urination - vomiting If non abnormalities after 10 min = Safe transfusion
What is Autocontroll tests?
To detect antibodies against self red blood cells antigens both in donor and recipient
If agglutination or Hemolysis = Individuals not suitable for transfusion.
What are the lactate dehydrogenase Isoenzymes?
Occure in most tissues. Sckelletal, heart, liver etc.
Function: Oxidising lactic acid into pyretic acid in presence of coenzyme NAD+
4 subunits: M (LDH sckelletal) and H (LDH in heart) peptide chain,
What makes the izoensyme visible?
Electrophoresis
Tetrazolium staining
Measurement of erythrocyte fragility
Isotonic solution
Erythrocytes suspended in isotonic saline solution. Remain its shape. (0,9% Nacl)
Red in color but not transparent to light
Measurement of erythrocyte fragility
Hypertonic solution
Erythrocytes undergo shrincing. Waterloss. color light red.
Measurement of erythrocyte fragility
Hypotonic solution
Erythrocytes swell, result of water uptake.DARK RED
Measurement of erythrocyte fragility
Membrane damaging agents
Some glycosides,
fat resolving agents,
antibiotics
detergents cause hemolysis by damaging lipid layer of cell membrane.
Red bloodcell count
What characterize the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood?
BloodCell count together with
Hemoglobin concentration and
Hematocrit value
Red bloodcell count
What does a increase in red blood cell termed as
Erythrocytosis
Red bloodcell count
What does a decrease in red blood cell termed as
One of possible causes of anaemia
Red bloodcell count
What is the machine that measure the red blood cell count name?
Hemocytometer
Bürker chaimber
White blood cell count
Is equal to…
The sum of the myeloid and lymphoid cell counts
White blood cell count
What is the clinical importance of WBC count
To draw a distinction between inflammation and leukemia
White blood cell count
If total WBC count is HIGHER than the reference value its reffered to
Leukocytosis
White blood cell count
If total WBC count is LOWER than the reference value its reffered to
Leukopenia
WBC count
What can a physiological leucocytosis indicate
The WBC count is characteristics of adult individuals is attained the age of sexual maturation.
When diluting blood with the Türk solution, where is the counting performed?
In the Bürker chaimber
Measuring the diameter of RBC can
Ditinguish the diff. types of anaemia
When measuring the diameter of RBS What is Microcytosis Macrocytosis Isocytosis And if none..
Microcytosis: Diameter smaller than normal
Macrocytosis: Diameter larger than normal
Isocytosis: All cells same diameter.
None of them: Anisocytosis
Automated Hematology Analysers
What is the method based on
Its based on the fact that with respect to ELECTRICAL conductivity a blood cell is relatively bad conductor while blood plasma is a relatively good one.
What is the name of the instrument that measures the diameter of a blood cell
Ocularmicrometer
Automated Hematology Analysers
The phenomenon results
The conductivity of blood will be related to its cell content.
Erythrocyte and thrombocytecount
RBC and platelets counting are performed together
White bloodcell count
WBC and Hemoglobin conc. are determined
Hemogl: Determined by photometry
WBC: platelets are identified and excluded based on their size.
What is a histogram
The presenting tool of WBC count
