Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology 1 > Midtterm 4 - Past Q > Flashcards

Midtterm 4 - Past Q Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following statement is NOT true for the function of the kidney?
A. Its a organ of homeothermia
B. It maintains acid/base balance
C. It contributes to homeostacis
D. Conserves water, electrolytes, glucose and amino acids.

A

A. Its a organ of homeothermia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is true for the cortical nephron?
A. Its decending segments approach the papilla
B. Its tubular system is located in the cortex
C. Its special region is the juxtaglomerular apparatus
D. Its tubular system is located in the inner medulla

A

B. Its tubular system is located in the cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which of the following statements is NOT true for the juxtamedullary nephron?
A. Its special region is the juxtaglomerular apparatus
B. Its tubular system is located in the inner medulla
C. Its tubular system is located in the cortex
D. Its decending segments approach the papilla

A

C. Its tubular system is located in the cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q 
Which of the following histological formations is NOT a part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
A. Juxtaglomerular cells
B. Macula Densa Cells
C. Mesangial Cells
D. Cells of proximal tubule
A

D. Cells of proximal tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is true about the blood supply of the kidney?
A. The glomerular capillary continiues in venules
B. The vas afferent is not a part of the nephron
C. The vas efference continiues in the peritubular venous capillary system
D. It displays a double cappilarization

A

D. It displays a double cappilarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is characteristic of the system of vasa recta?
A. It surrounds the collecting tubules
B. They run alongside the deep reaching loop of Henle
C. They run perpendicularly to the proximal tubule
D. Their primary functions is the nutrient supply to the glomerulus

A

B. They run alongside the deep reaching loop of Henle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is sympathetic innervation of the kidney?
A. It is poor
B. It increased sympathic simulation and causes the GFR to increase
C. Most sympathetic fibers get to the afferent arteriole
D. At rest considerable sympathetic discharge can be detected

A

C. Most sympathetic fibers get to the afferent arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is true about the parasymphatetic innervation of the kidney?
A. They mostly get to the afferent arteriole
B. They detect the firmness of the renal capsule
C. The kidney is very rich on parasympathetic nerves
D. It acts through cholinergic meditation

A

D. It acts through cholinergic meditation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the role of the pain sensing fibers in the renal capsule?
A. They sense the firmness of the renal capsule
B. They react to increased renal blood flow
C. Its importance is negligible
D. If its activated they indirectly increase the GFR

A

A. They sense the firmness of the renal capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the renal auto regulation ensure?

A. A constant 80 mmHg pressure in the renal arteries
B. That the mean arterial pressure can be followed with ought delay in its vas afferent
C. It ensures constant blood pressure values mainly via the sympathetic nervous system
D. It maintains the pressure needed for filtration by reacting to a higher pressure with constriction and to a lower pressure with dialation.

A

D. It maintains the pressure needed for filtration by reacting to a higher pressure with constriction and to a lower pressure with dialation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q 
What is the blood pressure in the renal arterioles?
A. 70-250 mmHg
B. It changes against the mid pressure
C. 50 mmHg
D. 120 mmHg
A

C. 50 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where are the vasoregulative factors contributing to the renal auto regulation?

A. Its in the adrenal gland
B. In the juxtaglomerular cells
C. In mesangial cells
D. Probably in the macula densa

A

D. Probably in the macula densa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which of the following statements is not true for the PGE synthesized in the kidney?
A. It has a effect only on the afferent arteriole
B. It increases the RBF
C. It has a vasodilator effect
D. It has no effect on the GFR

A

A. It has a effect only on the afferent arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the role of the kallikrein-kirin system in the renal auto regulation?
A. The kinins induce strong vasodilatation
B. Braydykinin induces local vasodialation
C. It gets activated with falling arterial mid pressure
D. One of its components, the PGE, compensates the effect of the angiotensin-II

A

B. Braydykinin induces local vasodialation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q 
What method can be used to examine the renal osmotic gradient?
A. Clearance test
B. Isotope measures
C. Micopuncture
D. Ultrasound
A

C. Micopuncture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q 
What method can be used to follow the renal function in an intact organism?
A. No methods are available
B. Micropuncture
C. Ultrasund
D. Isotope techniques
A

D. Isotope techniques

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q 
What method can be used to examine the kidneys anatomical parts in an intact organism?
A. Ultrasound
B. Clearance test
C. Mictopuncture
D. Isotope techniques
A

A. Ultrasound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Wich method can be used to examine the renal blood flow?
A. Collecting urine
B. Clearance test
C. Ultrasound
D. Only a direct surgical operation is possible

A

B. Clearance test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the reason of 100 times larger filtration coefesient in the renal glomerulus compared to any other parts of the microcirculation?

A. There is a higher Effective filtration pressure
B. The portal circulation of the kidney
C. The special permeability of the basal membrane
D. The increase of colloid osmotic pressure because of the protein retention

A

C. The special permeability of the basal membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which of the following factors does NOT influence the rate of ultrafiltration in the renal

A. Effective flitration pressure
B. The size of the filtration area
C. The quality of the barrier
D. The value of the arterial mid pressure

A

D. The value of the arterial mid pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which formula describes the renal effective filtration pressure?
A. EFP=Glomerular pressure - (capsular pressure+ Glomerular colloid osmotic pressure)
B. EFP= (glomerular pressure+capsular pressure)-glomerular solloid osmotic pressure
C. EFP= (glomerular pressure-glomerular colloid osmotic pressure) + capsular pressure
D. EFP= Glomerular pressure-Glomerular colloid osmotic pressure

A

A.

EFP=Glomerular pressure - (capsular pressure+ Glomerular colloid osmotic pressure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What describes the glomerular colloid osmotic pressure within the glomerulus?

A. Towards the vas efferent the pressure falls from 36mmHg to 28mmHg
B. Towars the vas efferent the pressure rises from 28 mmHg to 36 mmHg
C. At the beginning of the vas afferent the pressure is 36mmHg
D. Its a constant value, 36mmHg

A

B. Towars the vas efferent the pressure rises from 28 mmHg to 36 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the value of the effective filtration pressure in the vas efferent?

A. It is lower than the pressure in the vas Afferent but its never equal to 0.
B. 12mmHg
C. 4 mmHg
D. 36 mmHg

A

C. 4 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q 
How much is the total ultrafiltration pr day?
A. 60litre/ 100 kg bwt
B. 28-36 litre/ 100kg bwt
C. 100-120 litre/ 100kg bwt
D. 180-200 litre/ 100kg bwt
A

D. 180-200 litre/ 100kg bwt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which factor is the most important driving force in the tubular reabsorption?

A. Intravasal oncotic pressure
B. Hydrostatic pressure
C. Arterial midpressure
D. Pulse pressure in the adrenals

A

A. Intravasal oncotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How are most materials transported during tubular reabsorption?

A. Paracellulary
B. Para- and Transcellulary
C. Transcellulary
D. By phynocytiosis

A

B. Para- and Transcellulary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q 
What percentage of the filtration is reabsorbed in the tubular system?
A. 30%
B. 99,9%
C. More than 90%
D. 65%
A

C. More than 90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is characteristic about the tubular secretion?
A. It is exclusively a primary active transport
B. It is a passive process
C. Substances get into the peritubular capillary from the tubular lumen
D. Substances get into the tubular lumen from the peri tubular capillary

A

D. Substances get into the tubular lumen from the peritubular capillary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q 
What is the average volume of urin pr minuit in animals?
A. 2-3 ml/min/100kg bwt
B. 0,1 litre day/ kg bwt
C. 10-15 ml/min/100 kg bwt
D. 0,2-0,4 ml/min/ 100kg bwt
A

A. 2-3 ml/min/100kg bwt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is true for extraction?
A. Substances get into the tubular lumen from the peritubular capillaries
B. Renal ability of removing substances from the plasma
C. Its value is 0, if the kidney totally extracts the given substance
D. The process goes only against the concentration gradient?

A

B. Renal ability of removing substances from the plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q 
Which equation describes the extraction correctly?
A. E=(Pv-Pa)/Pv
B. E= (Pa+Pv)*Pa
C. E=(Pa-Pv)/Pa
D. E= (Pa-Pv)*Pa
A

C. E=(Pa-Pv)/Pa

32
Q

What is true for clearance?
A. It is the measure of filtration
B. Its measurement is only possible by surgery intervention
C. It describes the mass of material filtered pr unit time
D. It gives the amount of plasma that is entirely purified by the kidney from a given substance per unit time.

A

D. It gives the amount of plasma that is entirely purified by the kidney from a given substance per unit time.

33
Q 
Which substance can be used to measure glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
A. Inulin
B. PAH- Para aminohippuric acid
C. Glucose
D. Urea
A

A. Inulin

34
Q

Which formula describes the clearance correctly?
A. C= U/PV
B. C= (U-P)/V
C. C= (PV)/U

A

A. C= U/P*V

35
Q

What is glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

A. Its the amount of a substance that app airs in the filtrate after 1 min.
B. It shows what fraction of the plasma that arrives to the kidney becomes filtered
C. The volume of ultra filtrate produced by the kidney pr unit time
D. The amount of plasma flowing through the kidney pr unit time.

A

C. The volume of ultra filtrate produced by the kidney pr unit time

36
Q 
What substance is suitable for measuring GFR?
A. Urea
B. PAH- Para aminohippuric acid
C. Creatine
D. Inulin
A

D. Inulin

Also Creatinine - Dog

37
Q

What is filtration fraction?
A. It gives the fraction of renal plasma flow that is filtered per unit time
B. Is the amount of substnace that becomes filtered in 1 min
C. It is the amount of substance reabsorbed pr unit time
D. It is that fraction of the renal plasma flow that perfused the nephrons

A

A. It gives the fraction of renal plasma flow that is filtered per unit time

38
Q

What is meant by the filtration capacity (filtered load)?
A. It gives the fraction of the plasma what becomes filtered
B. The mass of a substance that appears in the filtrate after unit time.
C. The volume of the plasma perfusiong the kidney after unit time
D. The volume of ultrafiltrate per unit time

A

B. The mass of a substance that appears in the filtrate after unit time.

39
Q 
What is the average value of the GFR?
A. 60ml/min/100kg bwt
B. 75ml/min/100kg bwt
C. 120ml/min/100kg bwt
D. 600ml/min/100kg bwt
A

C. 120ml/min/100kg bwt

40
Q 
Which formula describes the GFR?
A. GFR= (U/P)-V
B. GFR= (U-P)/V
C. GFR= (U*P)/V
D. GFR= (U/P)*V
A

D. GFR= (U/P)*V

41
Q

By what process is inulin excreted from the kidney?
A. Only by filtration
B. It is filtered and then reabsorbed entirely from the tubules
C. Filtration and secretion
D. After filtration, 50% is reabsorbed in the tubules

A

A. Only by filtration

42
Q

What is the RFP?
A. The amount of ultra filtrate per unit time
B. The volume of plasma perfusing the kidney per unit time
C. It is the mass of a substance that appears in the filtrate per minute
D. It is the fraction of the plasma that becomes filtered

A

B. The volume of plasma perfusing the kidney per unit time

43
Q 
What is average RPF?
A. 40ml/min/100kg bwt
B. 350 ml/min/100kg bwt
C. 600 ml/min/100kg btw
D. 180-200 ml/min/100kg bwt
A

C. 600 ml/min/100kg btw

44
Q 
What is the formula for the RPF?
A. RPF= (U-P)/V
B. RPF= Pa-Pv/Pa
C. RPF= (U/P)*V
D. RPF= C/E
A

D. RPF= C/E

45
Q 
What substance is adequate for measuring the RPF?
A. Para aminohippuric acid (PHA)
B. Inullin
C. Endogenous Creatinin
D. Urea
A

A. Para aminohippuric acid (PHA)

46
Q 
What species has a physiologically changing GFR?
A. Cattle
B. Dog
C. Pig
D. Horse
A

B. Dog

47
Q

What is the physiological value for the filtration fraction?
A. 15%
B. 20%
C. 8-10%

A

B. 20%

48
Q

What is true for GFR?
A. The mesangialcells detect the potassium concentration of the filtrate
B. The GFR is altered due primarily to sympathetic influence
C. The GFR is parallel to the mean arterial pressure
D. The GFR is independent of the mean arterial pressure in most species

A

D. The GFR is independent of the mean arterial pressure in most species

Expt: Dog

49
Q 
The clearance of which substance are independent of its blood plasma?
A. Innulin
B. Glucose
C. PHA
D. Hemoglobin
A

A. Innulin

50
Q 
In transport of which substance has a Tubular reabsorption maximum?
A. Innulin
B. Glucose
C. Urea
D. Water
A

B. Glucose

51
Q

What is the tubular reabsorption maximum?
A. The plasma-conc value above which reabsorption is only possible through active transport
B. The phenomenon in which a substance is completely retained from urine
C. The plasma conc. value at which all tubular cells reach the maximum of their reabsorbtive capacity
D. The plasma conc. value at which 50% of the tubular cells reach their maximum of their reabsorbtive capacity

A

C. The plasma conc. value at which all tubular cells reach the maximum of their reabsorbtive capacity

52
Q

How can the secretion of a substance be described in connection to its plasma conc?
A. With a sigmoid curve
B. First it increases in a linear fashion, then decreases and finally becomes parallel with the filtration
C. It increases the linear fashion
D. For a while it increases with the plasma-conc, then reaches a plateau

A

D. For a while it increases with the plasma-conc, then reaches a plateau

53
Q

Of the following statements, which one is NOT typical of the transport taking place in the proximal tubule?
A. The paracellular transport is of a small scale at this section
B. 70% of the filtered substance is reabsorbed
C. The reabsorption is obligatory in this segment
D. Hormonal regulation is of little importance

A

A. The paracellular transport is of a small scale at this section

54
Q

What is typical of the Na+ transport taking place in the proximal tubule?
A. Na+ diffuses from the interstitial to the cell
B. Its transport depends on the Na+/K+ pump
C. Tubular Na+ conc. temporarily increases
D. Na+ moves in a passive way only

A

B. Its transport depends on the Na+/K+ pump

55
Q

What is typical of the H+ transport taking place in the proximal tubule?
A. The process does not have a significant effect on the PH of the tubular lumen
B. The H+ secretion is a passive process
C. The Na+ uptake via secondary active transport faciliates in H+ secretion
D. The H+ moves together with the Na+ in a symport process.

A

C. The Na+ uptake via secondary active transport faciliates in H+ secretion

56
Q

What happens to the HCO3- ion in the proximal tubule?
A. 30% of the HCO3- transform into CO2 and water, the water is absorbed, the CO” is excreted with the urine
B. In form of NaHCO3 it is passively reabsorbed
C.The HCO3- gets into the cell with active transport
D. HCO3- is reabsorbed indirectly with the meditation of CO2 formation

A

D. HCO3- is reabsorbed indirectly with the meditation of CO2 formation

57
Q

What happens to the CO2 in the proximal tubular cell?
A. The carbonic anhydrase enzyme creates the HCO3-, which gets into the interstitial via a Na+/3HCO3- symport
B. Most of the Co2 that got into the cell diffuses back into the lumen
C. Almost all of the CO2 diffuses across the cell into the interstitial in a passive way.
D. It gets into the interstitial via an HCO3-/Cl- anti port process

A

A. The carbonic anhydrase enzyme creates the HCO3-, which gets into the interstitial via a Na+/3HCO3- symport

58
Q

What is typical of the Cl- transport taking place in the proximal tubule?
A. The Cl- absorption only takes place at high lumen PH values
B. It gets into the cell via Cl-/acidic anion anti port.
C. A vast majority transformed into acid with the luminal H+ and diffuses freely into the cell
D. It gets into the cell through a K+/Cl- co-transport

A

B. It gets into the cell via Cl-/acidic anion anti port.

59
Q

What is typical of the water transport taking place in the proximal tubule?
A. Water is reabsorbed passively by AQP-2 channels
B. Water transport is negligible in the proximal tubule
C. Water moves paracellulary and transcellulary. The latter is made possible by the AQP-1 channels
D. Paracellular transport of water is insignificant

A

C. Water moves paracellulary and transcellulary. The latter is made possible by the AQP-1 channels

60
Q

How does the transport of glucose and amino acids take place?
A. With Na+ antiport
B. Nor carrier proteins are needed or their transport
C. It takes place in only the defending limb of the Henle´s loop with active transport
D. 100% of the filtrated amount is reabsorbed by Na+ symport

A

D. 100% of the filtrated amount is reabsorbed by Na+ symport

61
Q

What is typical of the decending limb of the Henle´s loop?

A. It is a section with relatively high permeability
B.There is significant active transport in both directions
C. It is a section with high resorptive and secretory capability
D. Paracellular transport can be observed

A

A. It is a section with relatively high permeability

62
Q

What is typical of the ascending thick segment of the Henle´s loop?
A. Most important is the Na/K - ATPase pump function on the luminal side.
B. The most important symport protein is the furosemid sensitive Na+/K+2Cl- transporter
C. 30% of the filtered substance is reabsorbed here
D. There is negligible secretion and reabsorption here.

A

B. The most important symport protein is the furosemid sensitive Na+/K+2Cl- transporter

63
Q

What transport-proscess are typical of the ascending thick segment of the Henle´s loop
A. The filtrate becomes highly hyper osmotic here
B. The electro neutral environment is not favorable to the iron transport
C. It is impermeable to water
D. Na+ reabsorption increases when furosemid is added

A

C. It is impermeable to water

64
Q

What is typical of the process taking place in the DISTAL convoluted tubule?
A. Na+ is passively flowing into the cell in the direction of its electrical gradient
B. The reabsorption can be blocked by furosemid
C. There is a K+/Cl- co-transport on the luminal side
D. The Na+/Cl- symport protein facilities the Na reabsorption

A

D. The Na+/Cl- symport protein facilities the Na reabsorption

65
Q 
Which substance can prevent the Na+/Cl- symport protein from functioning? (DCT)
A. Tiazid
B. Furosemid
C. Ouabain
D. Amilorid
A

A. Tiazid (=DCT)

66
Q

Where is the hormone regulation of little importance
A. In the collective duct
B. In the Ascending thick limb (TAL) of the Henle´s loop
C, In the cortical segment of the collecting tubule
D. In the medullary portion of the collecting tubule

A

B. In the Ascending thick limb (TAL) of the Henle´s loop

67
Q

What is typical of the transport taking place in the cortical segment of the collecting tubule and the collecting duct?
A. The Na+/K+ transport on the luminal side is helped by an anti port protein
B. The anti port protein responsible for the ion transport can be inhibited by amilorid
C. The expression of the Na+ and the K+ Channel is aldosterone dependent
D. The milord affects the K+ transport selectively

A

C. The expression of the Na+ and the K+ Channel is aldosterone dependent

68
Q

What is typical of water transport?
A. The transport of water is hormonally regulated in every portion of tubular system
B. The functioning of the AQP-1 channel is hormonally regulated
C. In the collecting- tubules, water moves via AQP-1 channels
D. ADH diminishes the number go the AQP-1 Channels in the proximal tubule

A

C. In the collecting- tubules, water moves via AQP-1 channels

69
Q

How does water transport take place in the collecting tubule?
A. It is a hormonally regulated transport
B. Through the AQP-1 channel
C. Through AQP-2 channels on the bass lateral side of the cell
D. Via Paracellular, ADH regulated way

A

A. It is a hormonally regulated transport

70
Q 
Which tubular segments is permeable to urea?
A. Proximal tubule
B. Thin decending limb of Henle´s loop
C. Convoluted distal tubule
D. Cortical connecting duct
A

B. Thin decending limb of Henle´s loop

71
Q

How do the cells protect against the hyper osmosis in the layers of the kidney?
A. The cell produces osmoliths, which decreases the osmolarity of the liquid layer surrounding the cell.
B. They have a thick withstanding wall
C. They produce osmoliths which provide within the cell an osmolality similar to the environment
D. The membrane operates a special channels system which alows the water to flow out actively

A

C. They produce osmoliths which provide within the cell an osmolality similar to the environment

72
Q 
How large is the osmotic gradient in the kidney of domestic animals?
A. 600-200 mosm/l
B. max 9400 mosm/l
C. 300-1200 mosm/l
D. 300-2400 mosm/l
A

C. 300-1200 mosm/l

73
Q

What is true for the countercurrent multiplier?
A. It is realized by the opposite flow and close anatomical vicinity of the defending and ascending tubular segments
B. It stabilizes low osmolarity in the medulla
C. It is dependent on the vasa recta system
D. The high osmolarity in the cortical layers is ensured by presence of urea

A

A. It is realized by the opposite flow and close anatomical vicinity of the defending and ascending tubular segments

74
Q

What is true for the countercurrent exchange?

A. Its major driving force is the sodium/potassium/ 2 chlorides symportier
B. The arrangement of the vasa recta system allows the nutrient supply of the deep medullary layers without destroying the hyperosmolarity
C. It is based on the fact that the vasa recta run perpendicular to the loop of Henle
D. It ensures that the osmotic equivalents can be reabsorbed from the deep medullary interstitial.

A

B. The arrangement of the vasa recta system allows the nutrient supply of the deep medullary layers without destroying the hyperosmolarity

75
Q

What happens in the thin ascending limb of the loop of Henle?
A. The osmolarity of luminar fluid increases
B. Luminar fluid gets isoosmotic
C. NaCl is taken up by the interstitium
D. The tubular fluid looses osmotic equivalens

A

D. The tubular fluid looses osmotic equivalens

76
Q

What happens in the ascending thick limb of the loop of Henle?
A. The luminar fluid gets isoosmotic
B. Water diffuses out passively into the interstitium
C. NaCl diffuses into the interstitial passively
D. The tubular fluid is hypoosmotic

A

D. The tubular fluid is hypoosmotic

77
Q

What happens in the collective ducts?
A. In pressens of ADH water diffuses toward the interstitium
B. In abscense of ADH, water diffuses tower the interstitial
C. In presence of ADH, water is transported toward the interstitial in a active manner
D. Water transport depends on aldosterone in this segment

A

A. In pressens of ADH water diffuses toward the interstitium

Physiology 1 (42 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions