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Physiology 1 > MT #4 Kidney Physiology > Flashcards

MT #4 Kidney Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following statements is not true for the function of the kidney?

a. it is the organ of homeothermia
b. it maintains acid/base balance
c. it contributes to homeostasis
d. conserves water, electrolites, glucose and aminoacids

A

a. it is the organ of homeothermia

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2
Q

What is true for the cortical nephron?

a. its descending segments approach the papilla
b. its tubular system is located in the cortex
c. its special region is the juxtaglomerular apparatus
d. its tubular system is located in the inner medulla

A

b. its tubular system is located in the cortex

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3
Q

Which of the following statements is not true for the juxtamedullary nephron?

a. its special region is the juxtaglomerular apparatus
b. its tubular system is located in the inner medulla
c. its tubular system is located in the cortex
d. its descending segments approach the papilla

A

c. its tubular system is located in the cortex

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4
Q

Which of the following histological formations is not a part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

a. juxtaglomerular cells
b. macula densa cells
c. mesangial cells
d. cells of the proximal tubule

A

d. cells of the proximal tubule

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5
Q

What is true for the blood supply of the kidney?
a. the glomerular capillary continues in venules
b. the vas afferens is not a part of the nephron
c. the vas efferens continues in the
peritubular venous capillary system
d. it displays a double capillarization

A

d. it displays a double capillarization

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6
Q

What is characteristic of the system of vasa recta?

a. it surrounds the collecting tubules
b. they run alongside the deep reaching loops of Henle
c. they run perpendicularly to the proximal tubules
d. their primary function is the nutrient supply to the glomerulus

A

b. they run alongside the deep reaching loops of Henle

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7
Q

What is true for the sympathetic innervation of the kidney?

a. It is poor
b. It increased sympathetic stimualtion and causes the GFR to increase
c. most sympathetic fibres get to the afferent arterioles
d. at rest considerable sympathetic discharge can be detected

A

c. most sympathetic fibres get to the afferent arterioles

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8
Q

What is true for the parasympathetic innervation of the kidney?

a. they mostly get to the afferent arterioles
b. they detect the firmness of the renal capsule
c. the kidney is very rich in parasympathetic nerves
d. it acts through cholinergic mediation

A

d. it acts through cholinergic mediation

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9
Q

What is the role of the pain sensing fibres in the renal capsule?

a. they sense the firmness of the renal capsule
b. they react to increased renal blood flow
c. its importance is negligible
d. if activated they indirectly increase the GFR

A

a. they sense the firmness of the renal capsule

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10
Q

What does the renal autoregulation ensure?
a. a constant 80 mmHg pressure in the renal arteries

b. that the mean arterial pressure can be followed without delay in the vas afferent
c. it ensures constant blood pressure values mainly via the sympathetic nervous system
d. it maintains the pressure needed for filtration by reacting to a higher pressure with constriction and to a lower pressure with dilatation

A

d. it maintains the pressure needed for filtration by reacting to a higher pressure with constriction and to a lower pressure with dilatation

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11
Q

What is the blood pressure in the renal arterioles?

a. 70-250 mmHg
b. it changes against the midpressure
c. 50 mmHg
d. 120 mmHg

A

c. 50 mmHg

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12
Q

Where are the vasoregulative factors contributing to the renal autoregulation produced?

a. in the adrenal glands
b. in the juxtaglomerular cells
c. in the mesangial cells
d. probably in the macula densa

A

d. probably in the macula densa

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13
Q

Which of the following statements is not true for the PGE synthesized in the kidney?

a. it has an effect only on the afferent arteriole
b. it increases the RBF
c. it has a vasodilatator effect
d. it has no effect on the GFR

A

a. it has an effect only on the afferent arteriole

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14
Q

What is the role of the kallikrein-kinin system in the renal autoregulation?

a. the kinins induce strong vasoconstriction
b. bradykinin induces local vasodilatation
c. it gets activated with falling arterial midpressure
d. one of its components, the PGE, compensates the effect of the angiotensin-II

A

b. bradykinin induces local vasodilatation

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15
Q

What method can be used to examine the renal osmotic gradient?

a. clearance test
b. isotope measures
c. micropuncture
d. ultrasound

A

c. micropuncture

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16
Q

What method can be used to follow the renal function in an intact organism?

a. no methods are available
b. micropuncture
c. ultrasound
d. isotope techniques

A

d. isotope techniques

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17
Q

What method can be used to examine the kidney’s anatomical parts in an intact organism?

a. ultrasound
b. clearance test
c. micropuncture
d. isotope techniques

A

a. ultrasound

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18
Q

What method can be used to examine the renal blood flow?

a. collecting urine
b. clearance test
c. ultrasound
d. only a direct surgical operation is possible

A

b. clearance test

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19
Q

What is the reason for the 100 times larger filtration coefficient in the renal glomerulus compared to any other parts of the microcirculation?
a. there is a higher effective filtration pressure
the portal circulation of the kidney
b. the special permeability of the basal membrane
c. the increase of the colloid osmotic
d. pressure because of the protein retention

A

c. the increase of the colloid osmotic

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20
Q

Which of the following factors does not influence the rate of ultrafiltration in the renal?

a. effective filtration pressure
b. the size of the filtrating area
c. the quality of the barrier
d. the value of the arterial midpressure

A

d. the value of the arterial midpressure

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21
Q

Which formula describes the renal effective filtration pressure?
a. EFP = glomerular pressure - (capsular pressure + glomerular colloid osmotic pressure)

b. EFP = (glomerular pressure + capsular pressure) - glomerular colloid osmotic pressure
c. EFP = (glomerular pressure - glomerular colloid osmotic pressure) + capsular pressure
d. EFP = glomerular pressure - glomerular colloid osmotic pressure

A

a. EFP = glomerular pressure - (capsular pressure + glomerular colloid osmotic pressure)

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22
Q

What describes the glomerular colloid osmotic pressure within the glomerulus?

a. towards the vas efferent the pressure falls from 36 mmHg to 28 mmHg
b. towards the vas efferent the pressure rises from 28 mmHg to 36 mmHg
c. at the beginning of the vas afferent the pressure is 36 mmHg
d. it is a constant value, 36 mmHg

A

b. towards the vas efferent the pressure rises from 28 mmHg to 36 mmHg

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23
Q

What is the value of the effective filtration pressure in the vas efferent?

a. it is lower than the pressure in the vas afferent but it is never equal to 0
b. 12 mmHg
c. 4 mmHg
d. 36 mmHg

A

c. 4 mmHg

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24
Q

How much is the total ultrafiltration per day?

a. 60 litre / 100 kgbwt
b. 28-36 litre / 100 kgbwt
c. 100-120 litre / 100 kgbwt
d. 180-200 litre /100 kgbwt

A

d. 180-200 litre /100 kgbwt

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25
Q

Which factor is the most important driving force in the tubular reabsorption?

a. intravasal oncotic pressure
b. hydrostatic pressure
c. arterial midpressure
d. pulse pressure in the a. renalis

A

a. intravasal oncotic pressure

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26
Q

How are most materials tansported during tubular reabsorption?

a. paracellularly
b. para- and transcellularly
c. transcellularly
d. by pynocytosis

A

b. para- and transcellularly

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27
Q

What percent of the filtration is reabsorped in the tubular system?

a. 30%
b. 99.9%
c. more than 90%
d. 65%

A

c. more than 90%

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28
Q

What is characteristic of the tubular secretion?

a. it is exclusively a primary active transport
b. it is a passive process
c. substances get to the peritubular capillary from the tubular lumen
d. substances get to the tubular lumen from the peritubular capillary

A

d. substances get to the tubular lumen from the peritubular capillary

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29
Q

What is the average volume of urine per minute in animals?

a. 2-3 ml/min/100 kgbwt
b. 0.1 litre/day/ kgbwt
c. 10-15 ml/min/100 kgbwt
d. 0.2-0.4 ml/min/100 kgbwt

A

a. 2-3 ml/min/100 kgbwt

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30
Q

What is true for extraction?

a. substances get to the tubular lumen from the peritubular capillary
b. renal ability of removing substances from the plasma
c. its value is 0, if the kidney totally extracts the given substance
d. the process goes only against the concentracion gradient

A

b. renal ability of removing substances from the plasma

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31
Q

Which equation describes the extraction correctly?

a. E = (Pv - Pa) / Pv
b. E = (Pa + Pv) x Pa
c. E = (Pa - Pv) / Pa
d. E = (Pa-Pv) x Pa

A

c. E = (Pa - Pv) / Pa

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32
Q

What is true for clearance?

a. it is the measure of filtration
b. its measurement is only possible by surgical intervention
c. it describes the mass of material fitlered per unit time
d. it gives the amount of plasma that is entirely purified by the kidney from a given substance per unit time

A

d. it gives the amount of plasma that is entirely purified by the kidney from a given substance per unit time

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33
Q

Which substance can be used to measure glomerular filtration rate?

a. inulin
b. para-aminohippuric acid
c. glucose
d. urea

A

a. inulin

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34
Q

Which formula describes the clearance correctly?

a. C = (U x P) / V
b. C = U / P x V
c. C = (U - P) / V
d. C = (P x V) / U

A

b. C = U / P x V

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35
Q

What is glomerular filtration rate?

a. it is the amount of substance that appeares in the filtrate in 1 minute
b. it shows what fraction of the plasma that arrives to the kidney becomes filtered
c. the volume of ultrafiltrate produced by the kidney per unit time
d. the amount of plasma flowing through the kidney per unit time

A

c. the volume of ultrafiltrate produced by the kidney per unit time

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36
Q

What substance is suitable for measuring the GFR?

a. urea
b. para-aminohippuric acid
c. creatine
d. inulin

A

d. inulin

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37
Q

What is the filtration fraction?

a. It gives the fraction renal plasma flow that is filtered per unit time
b. it is the amount of substance that becomes filtered in 1 minute
c. it is the6 amount of substance reabsorbed per unit time
d. it is that fraction of the renal plasma flow that perfuses the nephrons

A

a. It gives the fraction renal plasma flow that is filtered per unit time

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38
Q

What is meant by the filtration capacity (filtered load)?

a. it gives the fraction of the plasma what becomes filtered
b. the mass of a substance that appeares in the filtrate per unit
c. the volume of the plasma perfusing the kidney per unit time
d. the volume of ultrafiltrate per unit time

A

b. the mass of a substance that appeares in the filtrate per unit

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39
Q

What is the average value of the GFR?

a. 60 ml/min/100 kgbwt
b. 75 ml/min/100 kgbwt
c. 120 ml/min/100 kgbwt
d. 600 ml/min/100 kgbwt

A

c. 120 ml/min/100 kgbwt

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40
Q

Which formula describes the GFR?

a. GFR = (U / P) - V
b. GFR = (U - P) / V
c. GFR = (U x P) / V
d. GFR = (U / P) x V

A

d. GFR = (U / P) x V

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41
Q

By what process is inulin excreted from the kidney?

a. only by filtration
b. it filtered and then it is reabsorbed entirely from the tubules
c. filtration and secretion
d. after filtration 50% is reabsorbed in the tubules

A

a. only by filtration

42
Q

What is the RPF?

a. the amount of ultrafiltrate per unit time
b. the volume of plasma perfusing the kidney per unit time
c. it is the mass of a substance that appears in the filtrate per minute
d. it is the fraction of the plasma that becomes filtered

A

b. the volume of plasma perfusing the kidney per unit time

43
Q

What is the average value of the RPF?

a. 40 ml/min/100 kgbw
b. 350 ml/min/100 kgbw
c. 600 ml/min/100 kgbw
d. 180-200 ml/min/100 kgbw

A

c. 600 ml/min/100 kgbw

44
Q

What is the formula for the RPF?

a. RPF = (U - P) / V
b. RPF = Pa - Pv / Pa
c. RPF = (U / P) x V
d. RPF = C / E

A

d. RPF = C / E

45
Q

What substance is adequate for measuring the RPF?

a. para-aminohippuric acid
b. inulin
c. endogenous creatinin
d. urea

A

a. para-aminohippuric acid

46
Q

What species has a physiologically changing GFR?

a. cattle
b. dog
c. pig
d. horse

A

b. dog

47
Q

What is the physiological value for the filtration fraction?

a. 45%
b. 15%
c. 20%
d. 8-10%

A

c. 20%

48
Q

What is true for GFR?

a. the mesangial cells detect the potassium concentration of the filtrate
b. the GFR is altered due primarily to sympathetic influence
c. the GFR is parallel to the mean arterial pressure
d. the GFR is independent of the mean arterial pressure in most species

A

d. the GFR is independent of the mean arterial pressure in most species

49
Q

The clearance of which substances are independent of its plasma concentration?

a. inulin
b. glucose
c. para-aminohippuric acid
d. hemoglobin

A

a. inulin

50
Q

The transport of which substance has a Tm?

a. inulin
b. glucose
c. urea
d. water

A

b. glucose

51
Q

What is the tubular reabsorption maximum?
a. the plasma-concentration value above which reabsorption is only possible through
active transport

b. the phenomenon in which a substance is completely retained from the urine
c. the plasma concentration value at which all tubular cells reach the maximum of their reabsorptive capacity
d. the plasma concentration value at which 50 percent of the tubular cells reach the maximum of their reabsorptive capacity

A

c. the plasma concentration value at which all tubular cells reach the maximum of their reabsorptive capacity

52
Q

How can the secretion of a substance be described in connection to its plasma concentration?

a. with a sigmoid curve
b. first it increases in a linear fashion then decreases and finally becomes parallel with the filtration
c. it increases in a linear fashion
d. for a while it increases with the plasma-concentration then reaches a plateau

A

d. for a while it increases with the plasma-concentration then reaches a plateau

53
Q

Of the following statements which one is not typical of the transport taking place in the proximal tubule?

a. The paracellular transport is of a small scale at this section
b. 70 percent of the filtered substance is reabsorbed
c. the reabsorption is obligatory in this segment
d. hormonal regulation is of little importance

A

a. The paracellular transport is of a small

54
Q

What is typical of the Na+ transport taking place in the proximal tubule?

a. Na+ diffuses from the interstitium to the cell
b. its transport depends on the the Na+/K+ - ATPase pump
c. tubular Na+ concentration temporarily increases
d. Na+ moves in a passive way only

A

b. its transport depends on the the Na+/K+ - ATPase pump

55
Q

What is typical of the H+ transport taking place in the proximal tubule?

a. the process does not have a significant effect on the pH of the tubular lumen
b. the H+ secretion is a passive process
c. the Na+ uptake via secondary active transport facilitates in H+ secretion
d. the H+ moves together with the Na+ in a symport process

A

c. the Na+ uptake via secondary active transport facilitates in H+ secretion

56
Q

What happens to the HCO3- ion in the proximal tubule?

a. 30% of the HCO3- transforms into CO2 and water, the water is absorbed, the CO2 is excreted with the urine
b. in form of NaHCO3 it is passively reabsorbed
c. the HCO3- gets into the cell with active transport
d. HCO3- is reabsorbed indirectly with the mediation of CO2 formation

A

d. HCO3- is reabsorbed indirectly with the mediation of CO2 formation

57
Q

What happens to the CO2 in the proximal tubular cell?
a. the carbonic anhydrase enzyme creates the HCO3-, which gets into the interstitium via a Na+/3HCO3- symport

b. most of the CO2 that got into the cell diffuses back into the lumen
c. almost all of the CO2 diffuses across the cell into the interstitium in a passive way
d. it gets into the interstitium via an HCO3-/Cl- antiport process

A

a. the carbonic anhydrase enzyme creates the HCO3-, which gets into the interstitium via a Na+/3HCO3- symport

58
Q

What is typical of the Cl- transport taking place in the proximal tubule?

a. the Cl- absorption only takes place at high lumen pH values
b. it gets into the cell via Cl-/acidic anion antiport
c. a vast majority transforms into acid with the luminal H+ and diffuses freely into the cell
d. it gets into the cell through a K+/Cl- co-transport

A

b. it gets into the cell via Cl-/acidic anion antiport

59
Q

What is typical of the water transport taking place in the proximal tubule?
a. water is reabsobed passively by AQP-2 channels

b. water transport is negligible in the proximal tubule
c. water moves paracellularly and transcellularly. The latter is made possible by the AQP-1 channels
d. paracellular transport of water is insignificant

A

c. water moves paracellularly and transcellularly. The latter is made possible by the AQP-1 channels

60
Q

How does the transport of glucose and amino acids take place?

a. with Na+ antiport
b. no carrier proteins are needed for their transport
c. it takes place in only in thedescending limb of the Henle’s loop with active transport
d. 100% of the filtered amount is reabsorbed by Na+ symport

A

d. 100% of the filtered amount is reabsorbed by Na+ symport

61
Q

What is typical of the descending limb of the Henle’s loop?

a. it is a section with relatively high permeability
b. there is significant active transport in both directions
c. it is a section with high resorptive and secretory capability
d. paracellular transport can be observed

A

a. it is a section with relatively high permeability

62
Q

What is typical of the transport taking place in the ascending thick segment of the Henle’s loop?
a. most important is the Na/K - ATPase pump function on the luminal side
b, the most important symport protein is the furosemid sensitive Na+/K+2Cl- transporter
c. 30% of the filtered substance is reabsorbed here
d. there is negligible secretion and reabsorption here

A

b, the most important symport protein is the furosemid sensitive Na+/K+2Cl- transporter

63
Q

What transport-processes are typical of the ascending thick segment of the Henle’s loop?

a. the filtrate becomes highly hyperosmotic here
b. the electroneutral environment is not favorable to the ion transport
c. it is impermeable to water
d. Na+ reabsorption increases when furosemid is added

A

c. it is impermeable to water

64
Q

What is typical of the transport taking place in the convoluted distal tubule?

a. Na+ is passively flowing into the cell in the direction of its electrical gradient
b. the reabsorption can be blocked by furosemid
c. there is a K+/Cl- co-transport on the luminal side
d. the Na+/Cl- symport protein facilitates the Na reabsorption

A

d. the Na+/Cl- symport protein facilitates the Na reabsorption

65
Q

Which substance can prevent the Na+/Cl- symport protein from functioning?

a. tiazid
b. furosemid
c. ouabain
d. amilorid

A

a. tiazid

66
Q

Where is the hormonal regulation of little importance?

a. in the connecting duct
b. in the ascending thick limb of the Henle’s loop
c. in the cortical segment of the collecting tubule
d. in the medulary portion of the collecting tubule

A

b. in the ascending thick limb of the Henle’s loop

67
Q

What is typical of the transport taking place in the cortical segment of the collecting tubule and the connencting duct?
a. the Na+/K+ transport on the luminal side is helped by an antiport protein

b. the antiport protein responsible for the ion transport can be inhibited by amilorid
c. the expression of the Na+ and the K+ channels is aldosterone dependent
d. the amilorid affects the K+ transport selectively

A

c. the expression of the Na+ and the K+ channels is aldosterone dependent

68
Q

What is typical of water transport?

a. the transport of water is hormonally regulated in every portion of tubular system
b. the functioning of the AQP-1 channel is hormonally regulated
c. in the collecting-tubules water moves via AQP-2 channels
d. ADH diminishes the number of the AQP-1 channels in the proximal tubule

A

c. in the collecting-tubules water moves via AQP-2 channels

69
Q

How does water transport take place in the collecting tubules?

a. it is a hormonally regulated transport
b. through the AQP-1 water-channels
c. through AQP-2 channels on the basolateral side of the cell
d. via paracellular, ADH regulated way

A

a. it is a hormonally regulated transport

70
Q

Which tubular segments is permeable to urea?

a. proximal tubule
b. thin descending limb of the Henle’s loop
c. convoluted distal tubule
d. cortical connecting duct

A

b. thin descending limb of the Henle’s loop

71
Q

How do the cells protect against the hyperosmosis in the layers of the kidney?
a. the cell produces osmoliths, which decreases the osmolality of the liquid-layer surrounding the cell

b. they have a thick withstanding wall
c. they produce osmoliths which provide within the cell an osmolality similar to the environment
d. the membrane operates a special channels system which allows water to flow out actively

A

c. they produce osmoliths which provide within the cell an osmolality similar to the environment

72
Q

How large is the osmotic gradient in the kidney of domestic animals?

a. 600-2000 mosm/l
b. max. 9400 mosm/l
c. 300-1200 mosm/l
d. 300-2400 mosmol/l

A

c. 300-1200 mosm/l

73
Q

What is true for the countercurrent multiplier?

a. It is realized by the opposite flow and close anatomical vicinity of the descending and ascending tubular segments
b. it stabilizes low osmolarity in the medulla
c. it is dependent on the vasa recta system
d. the high osmolarity in the cortical layers is ensured by the presence of urea

A

a. It is realized by the opposite flow and close anatomical vicinity of the descending and ascending tubular segments

74
Q

What is true for the countercurrent exchanger?
a. its major driving force is the sodium/potassium/ 2 chlorides symporter

b. the arngement of the vasa recta system allows the nutrient supply of the deep medullary layers without destroying the hyperosmolarity
c. it is based on the fact that the vasa recta run perpendicular to the loop of Henle
d. it ensures that the osmotic equivalents can be reabsorbed from the deep medullary interstitium

A

b. the arngement of the vasa recta system allows the nutrient supply of the deep medullary layers without destroying the hyperosmolarity

75
Q

What happens in the ascending thin limb of the loop of Henle?

a. the osmolality of luminal fluid increases
b. luminal fluid gets isoosmotic
c. NaCl is taken up from the interstitium
d. the tubular fluid looses osmotic equivalents

A

d. the tubular fluid looses osmotic equivalents

76
Q

What happens in the ascending thick limb of the loop of Henle?

a. the luminal fluid gets isoosmotic
b. water diffuses out passively into the interstitium
c. NaCl diffuses into the iterstitium passively
d. the tubular fluid is hypoosmotic.

A

d. the tubular fluid is hypoosmotic.

77
Q

What happens in the collecting ducts?

a. in presence of ADH water diffuses toward the interstitium
b. in absence of ADH water diffuses toward the intrstitium
c. in presence of ADH water is transported toward the intrstitium in active manner
d. water transport depends on aldosterone in this segment

A

a. in presence of ADH water diffuses toward the interstitium

78
Q

What is the freewater clearance?

a. it is the ratio of the minute diuresis and the osmotic clearance
b. it tells how much free water is given to the isoosmotic urine or taken back from it by the kidney
c. it tells how much water is extracted from the body by the kidney per minute
d. It gives how much water osmotically bound water passes through the kidney per unit time

A

b. it tells how much free water is given to the isoosmotic urine or taken back from it by the kidney

79
Q

What is the osmotic plateau?

a. it gives the value of the highest osmotic concentration in the kidney interstitium
b. it gives the deegre of urine concentration in the kidney at a given time
c. it shows the maximum concentrating ability of the kidney
d. it shows the minimum volume of the water conserved

A

c. it shows the maximum concentrating ability of the kidney

80
Q

What is the effect of the angiotensin-II on the kidney function?

a. it has only indirect effect on the kidney
b. it reduces the water uptake
c. it inhibits the ADH production
d. it indirectly increases salt retention

A

d. it indirectly increases salt retention

81
Q

What is the primary stimulus for the aldosterone relase?

a. increased plasma K+ concentration
b. increased plasma Na+ concentration
c. angiotenzin-II
d. increased blood pressure

A

a. increased plasma K+ concentration

82
Q

Which segment is the main target of the aldosterone action?

a. the proximal tubule
b. the connecting duct and the collecting duct’s cortical segment
c. the proximal convoluted tubule
d. the ascending limb of loop of Henle

A

b. the connecting duct and the collecting duct’s cortical segment

83
Q

How does the aldosterone exert its effect in kidney?

a. sodium potassium pump is inhibited
b. K+ channel proteins are inhibited
c. sodium potassium pump protein, Na+ channel and K+ channel proteins are increasinglyexpressed
d. Na+ channel and K+ channel proteins get inhibited

A

c. sodium potassium pump protein, Na+ channel and K+ channel proteins are increasinglyexpressed

84
Q

What is the major effect of the ADH?

a. the kidney rises the Na retention
b. inhibits the the water-retention
c. increases the Na reabsorption
d. increases the water reabsorption

A

d. increases the water reabsorption

85
Q

What stimulates ADH secretion the most?

a. hyperosmosis of the plasma
b. increasing of blood pressure
c. signaling of volume receptors
d. increased secretion of theatrial natriuretic peptide

A

a. hyperosmosis of the plasma

86
Q

What is the Verney-mechanism?

a. Injecting hypoosmotic fluid decreases the urine production significantly
b. injecting hyperosmotic fluid decreases the urine production promptly
c. for increasing blood pressure urine production decreases
d. due to strong pain ADH secretion is inhibited so the urine production decreases

A

b. injecting hyperosmotic fluid decreases the urine production promptly

87
Q

What is the primary stimulus for the atrial natriuretic peptide?

a. if the Na+ concentration decreasing in the tubules
b. hypovolemia
c. dilatation of muscle elements of the atria
d. high blood pressure

A

c. dilatation of muscle elements of the atria

88
Q

What is the basic role of the atrial natriuretic peptide?

a. it increases the aldosterone secretion
b. it increases ADH and renin secretion
c. it decreases the GFR
d. it increases the Na+ excretion, decreases the waterretention

A

d. it increases the Na+ excretion, decreases the waterretention

89
Q

Which of the following hormones exerts an action on the kidney?

a. parathormone
b. d-hormone
c. erytropoetin
d. triiodidetironine

A

a. parathormone

90
Q

Which of the following hormones is produced in kidney?

a. parathormone
b. triiodidetironin.
c. calcitonin
d. glicocorticoids

A

b. triiodidetironin.

91
Q

Which hormone is responsible for keeping the plasma Na+ concentration at a constant level?

a. aldosterone
b. angiotenzin-II
c. ADH
d. ANP

A

c. ADH

92
Q

What proccesses take place in the case of hyperosmosis?

a. increased ADH and aldosteron cause increased freewater clearance
b. increasing in aldosterone level causes Na+ and water loss
c. Na+ is reabsorbed
d. increased ADH causes water retention

A

d. increased ADH causes water retention

93
Q

What proccesses take place in the case of hypoosmosis?

a. first hypervolemic isoosmosis is restored
b. free water clearance decreases
c. aldosterone level decreases
d. increasing Na+ excretion

A

a. first hypervolemic isoosmosis is restored

94
Q

What proccesses take place in the case of hypovolemia?

a. angiotensin-II decreases
b. RAS gets activated
c. K+ retention increases
d. aldosteron level decreases

A

b. RAS gets activated

95
Q

What proccesses take place in the case of hypervolemia?

a. ADH activation
b. Na+ and water loss due to RAS activation
c. RAS inhibition
d. aldosterone stimulation

A

c. RAS inhibition

96
Q

How does the passing of the urine toward the bladder happen at normal urine production rate?

a. the way of flow is determined by the sympathetic tone of the ureter
b. due to parasympathetic stimulation
c. continouisly
d. In small portion following each other

A

d. In small portion following each other

97
Q

What inhibits the urine backflow from the bladder to the kidney?

a. the ureter connects to the bladder at an angle that automatically closes the pathway of urine
b. there is a sphintcer consisting of striated muscles in the ureter
c. the pressure conditions in the pelvis of the kidney
d. the gravitation

A

a. the ureter connects to the bladder at an angle that automatically closes the pathway of urine

98
Q

What does the plasticity of bladder wall mean?

a. the wall of the bladder consits of special skeletal muscle fibres and elastic fibers
b. the bladder reacts to tension with relaxation
c. activity of intramural mechanoreceptors in the bladder increases linearly with wall tension
d. collagenous fibres in the bladder wall resists tension

A

b. the bladder reacts to tension with relaxation

99
Q

Where is the regulatory center of urination?

a. in the thalamus
b. in the medulla oblongata
c. in the ponds
d. in the lumbar portion of the spinal cord

A

c. in the ponds

100
Q

How isthe bladder regulated in the filling phase?

a. due to sympathetic activity all the skeletal sphincters are contracted
b. activity of somatic motor system acts on the musculature of the bladder relaxing it
c. the musculature of the bladder is relaxed due to intense parasympathetic activity, the musculature of the urethra contracts due to sympathetic effect
d. sympathetic basal tone relaxes the muscles of the bladder and it inhibits the parasympathetic activity presynaptically

A

d. sympathetic basal tone relaxes the muscles of the bladder and it inhibits the parasympathetic activity presynaptically

101
Q

How is the bladder regulated in the phase of urination?

a. the wall of the bladder contracts and the sphincters dilate due to parasympathetic activty but the sympathetic and somatic activation is inhibited
b. the wall of the bladder contracts and the sphincters dilate due to symapthetic activation
c. activity of parasympathetic lumbar center is increased by the medullary center which makes the wall of the bladder contract and the sphincters relax
d. increased sympathetic activity inducing urination may be affected by cortical information

A

a. the wall of the bladder contracts and the sphincters dilate due to parasympathetic activty but the sympathetic and somatic activation is inhibited

Physiology 1 (42 decks)

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