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NPTE > Other systems FF > Flashcards

Other systems FF Flashcards

1
Q

Termination criteria for exercise due to abnormal BP

A

DBP change> 10mmHg
Decrease in SBP ≥ 20mmHg and shouldnt rise >40mmHg - SBP changes are worse when compared to DBP changes
RR >40
DBP ≥110mmHg, SBP ≥220mmHg
significant ventricular or atrial dysrhythmias with or without symptoms: ventricular tachycardia 3+ PVCs (call 911)
AV block 2nd degree (type 2) or 3rd degree (call 911 for 3rd degree)
ST displacement (1mm) (call 911)
signs/sxs of ex intolerance: angina, dyspnea, ECG changes, pallor/cyanosis, nausea, confusion, lightheadedness

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2
Q

metabolic syndrome criteria

A

if 3+ are present:
1. waist circumference>40in for men or >35in for women
2. triglyceride level of 150mg/dL or higher
3. High density lipoprotein (HDL) level <40 mg/dL in men or <50 mg/dL in women
4. systolic BP=130mmHg and/or diastolic BP=85mmHg
5. fasting plasma glucose level>100mg/dL

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3
Q

hypothalamus function

A

responsible for regulation of ANS (body temp, appetite, sweating, thirst, sexual behavior, fear, rage, blood pressure, sleep

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4
Q

pituitary gland function

A

secretes endorphins and redices person’s sensitivity to pain. controls ovulation and works as catalyst to testes and ovaries to create sex hormones

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5
Q

hormones released from anterior pituitary and what they are responsible for

A

ACTH>adrenal cortex>aldosterone and cortisol
GH>bones and tissues>metabolism and growth
FSH and LH>ovaries and testes>testosterone, estrogen, progesterone
prolactin> breast production of milk
TSH>thyroid>T3, T4

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6
Q

hormones released from posterior pituitary and what they are responsible for

A

Oxytocin>breast secretion in milk and uterine contractions during birth
ADH (antidiuretic hormone)/vasopressin>water and mineral balance, water retention

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7
Q

thyroid gland function

A

produce hormones that comtrol rate at which cells burn fuel from food

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8
Q

parathyroid gland function

A

regulate calcium and phosphate metabolism

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9
Q

adrenal gland function

A

produce corticosteroids that regulate sodium and water balance, body’s response to stress, immune system and metabolism

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10
Q

function of cortisol

A

reduce stress, reduce inflammation, production of glucose, regulate BP

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11
Q

function of aldosterone

A

retain sodium and water, and decrease (kick) potassium: KK

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12
Q

what is asthenia

A

generalized weakness

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13
Q

Addisons disease

A

adrenal insufficiency - decreased cortisol and aldosterone
decreased BP
dehydration
increased MSH (melanin) - bronze pigment
asthenia
anxiety, cold/stress intolerance
hyperkalemua
decreased glucose
weightloss, anorexia, GI disturbances

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14
Q

Cushing’s disease

A
  • more ACTH secreted by pituitary gland>sitmulates adrenal gland>more cortisol is released
    -increased production of aldosterone and cortisol due to tumor on pituitary gland secreting increased ACTH
  • increased BP, increased water retention
  • decreased glucose
  • hypokalemia
  • increased weight gain, centripital obesity, ruddy appearance (red striae)
  • increased susceptibility to infection, osteoporosis (buffalo hump), poor wound healing
  • proximal muscle weakness and atrophy
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15
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

adrenal gland tumor> adrenal gland secretes more cortisol
- from drug toxicity - taken too much corticosteroids

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16
Q

hypothyroidism

A
  • lazy, lay on couch
  • cause can be Hashimotos autoimmune disease of thyroid
    -Decreased T4, T3
  • increased TSH
  • weight gain, decreased appetite
  • myxedema
  • low HR, high BP
  • decreased glucose absorption, high blood glucose
  • decreased perspiration
  • decreased BMR
  • sleepy
  • constipation
  • brittle nails, dry skin and hair
    prolonged DTRs
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17
Q

myxedema

A

puffy hands, face, feet

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18
Q

hyperthyroidism

A
  • Grave’s disease
  • high T3,T4, low TSH
  • hyperactive DTRs
  • silky hair/moist palms
  • diahrea
  • low glucose absorption, high blood glucose
  • high heartrate
  • low BP
  • weightloss, increased appetite
  • high BMR
  • heat intolerance
  • restlessness, insomnia
  • increased perspiration
    -exophthalmos
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19
Q

exophthalmos

A

sunket sockets and bulging eyeballs

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20
Q

parathyroid relationship to calcium and phosphate

A

direct to calcium and inversely to phosphate

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21
Q

hyperparathyroidism

A

-increased calcium, decreased phosphate
- decreased bone mineralization (increased blood Ca takes it away from bones)
- BONES, STONES, GROANS, MOANS, sensory
-decreased bone density and bone weakness
osteopenia, arthralgia, gout
- kidney stones, kidney dysfunction
- peptic ulcers
- depression, fatigue, prox m weakness, confusion, drowsiness
- stocking and glove sensory distribution

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22
Q

arthralgia

A

joint stiffness

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23
Q

gout

A

painful form of arthritis
usually in big toe

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24
Q

hypoparathyroidism

A

decreased blood Ca, increased phosphate
- CATS are numb
- convulsions
- cardiac arrhythmias
- m twitching, tetany (m twitching)
- m spasms, m cramps
- paresthesia: fingertips, mouth
- fatigue, weakness

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25
Q

stress incontinence

A

exertion
pee if exert, cough, sneeze, etc
common with post-partum, pelvic floor weakness
treatment: PF strengthening

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26
Q

urge incontinence

A

Urgency
Detrussor m is overactive (involuntary contraction) and makes bladder pee/patient has strong urgency when person is focused on something
Common in UMN, PD, infection
treatment: treat infection, void schedule

27
Q

overflow incontinence

A

Dribble
Detrussor m is underactive - bladder becomes distended and cannot completely empty, which is why dribble later
Common for BPH, DM
Treatment: double void, medication, catheterization

28
Q

functional incontinence

A

Mobility
Pt has decreased mobility, impaired dexterity or cognitive deficits so is unable to get to toilet in time
Common for dementia, LE weakness
Treatment: LE strengthening, remove clutter, prompted void, improve accessibility

29
Q

GERD pathophysiology

A

reflex of gastric content of gastroduodenal contents into the esophagus
lower esophageal sphincter doesn’t stay closed

30
Q

symptoms of GERD

A

heart burn - 30 mins after eating and at night laying down
dysphagia
sour tase - from regurgitation of acids
hoarseness of voice
atypical pain of head and neck

31
Q

what can GERD lead to

A

aspiration PNA, asthma, esophagitis

32
Q

GERD treatment

A

-be upright
- wait 2-3 hrs after eating to exercise
- avoid spicy, chocolate, fatty, peppermint
- - sleep on L side, and avoid supine
- eat 3-4hrs before sleeping
-drugs: antacids, H2 receptor blockers, proton pump inhibitors

33
Q

RUQ pain pattern/shoulder

A

good luck hot pack
liver, peptic ulcers, gallbladder, head of pancreas

34
Q

RLQ referral pain

A

AC
appendix, Crohn’s disease

35
Q

LLQ referral pain

A

DUI
diverticulitis, ulcerative colitis, IBS

36
Q

LUQ referral pain/shoulder

A

Don’t banana split <3
diaphragm, body and tail of pancreas, spleen, heart

37
Q

mid-back/scapula referred pain

A

esophagus, gallbladder, stomach, pancreas

38
Q

pelvis/low back/sacrum referred pain

A

colon, appendix, pelvic viscera

39
Q

pancoast tumor referred pain

A

upper lung tumor present at apex of lung
referred to C8-T2, mimics TOS
pain at top of ipsilateral shoulder
weightloss, nightpain, systemic chest pain, pulm sxs

40
Q

What is + Kehr’s sign?

A

pt in supine, bilaterally elevate legs
+ if pt complains of pain in L shoulder - means there fluid in cavity

41
Q

hiatial hernia

A

causes shoulder pain - due to weakness of diaphragm so refers to LUQ
- presents with sxs similar to GERD because presses into esophagus

42
Q

femoral hernia

A

causes groin and lateral pelvic wall pain

43
Q

inguinal hernia

A

groin pain

44
Q

umbillical hernia

A

causes pain around umbillical ring - mid to low abdomen

45
Q

cholecystitis
what special test to diagnose?

A

-blockage of gallstones trapped in cystic duct (btw gallbladder and small intestine) resulting in inflammation of gallbladder
- pain referred to RUQ and can go to R scapula
- nausea, vomiting, low grade fever
- pain increases with ingestion of fatty food
- special test: Murphy’s sign: palpate near R subcostal margin as pt takes deep breath. If pt has pain/tenderness during inspiration it is +

46
Q

Peptic ulcers

A

-Gastric and duodenal ulcers
-pain in epigastric area: burning and cramping that refers to R shoulder
-melena black tarry stool (more for duodenal) and coffee ground emesis

47
Q

Gastric ulcers

A

-ulcerative lesions in stomach
- causes: h. Pylori, stress, anxiety, NSAIDS
-pain when eating and after eating (due to acid secretion)
- treatment: H. Pylori meds, and antacids

48
Q

Duodenal ulcers

A
  • ulcerative lesions in duodenum
  • cause: H. Pylori bacteria
  • pain w/ absence of food, in between meals, early in morning, late at night
  • treatment: H. pylori meds
49
Q

reactive arthritis

A
  • caused by bacterial infection from somewhere else in body: urinary, digestive system, genitals
    cant see - conjunctivitis
    cant pee - urithritis
    cant climb a tree - knee OA
50
Q

Ulcerative collitis

A
  • type of inflammatory bowel disease
  • in large intestine, colon, rectum
  • continuous lesions
  • rectal pain, bleeding, bloody diahrea with pus, fecal urgency, weight loss, LBP
  • refer pain to LLQ
51
Q

Crohn’s disease

A
  • type of inflammatory bowel disease
  • skip lesions everywhere in GI tract
  • pain relieved by farting, abdominal pain, weight loss, joint arthritis
  • refer pain to RLQ
52
Q

Irritable bowel syndrome

A
  • Irritable colon
  • caused by stress, fatty foods, lactose
  • relieved by defecation
  • ribbon like stool
    -N/V, diarrhea, foul breath
  • sharp cramps in morning/after eating
  • sxs disappear while sleeping
  • treatment: stress reduction, diet modification, exercise
  • refer pain to LLQ
53
Q

stool for liver/pancreas/colon disorder

A

white/clay/grey stool

54
Q

appendicitis

A
  • inflammation of vermiform appendix. progression can lead to swollen/gangrenous appendix
  • if perforated can lead to peritonitis
  • S/S:
  • pain in RLQ - comes in waves and progresses to steady
  • anorexia, N/V, elevated temperature, leukocytosis (increase in WBC count), fever
55
Q

How to test for appendicitis

A

All cause pain RLQ
-McBurneys point: Cause pain/tender to touch btw R ASIS and umbillicus
- Roving’s sign - palpate LLQ and will feel pain in RLQ
- Blumbergs sign aka rebound tenderness - sudden release of pressure on appendix causes severe pain
- psoas sign - stretch psoas (extend hip/resist hip flexion)
- obturator sign - passively IR or resist ER
- Markle’s sign - do heel raises and when drop feel pain
- hop test - hop on R side
- pinch an inch test

56
Q

Pinch an inch test

A
  • pinch and pull up skin in proper quadrant and pt will have pain
  • for appendicitis and diverticulitis
57
Q

fibromyalgia

A

women>men, early to middle adulthood
persists >3 months
11/18 tender points: noninflammatory
nonpregressive
anx/depression
fatigue
symptoms flare with stress
decreased ex tolerance
poor sleep quality
sxs fluctuation
other common sxs: IBS, RLS, HAs, TMJD

58
Q

myofascial pain syndrome/CRPS

A

trigger points with specific referral pattern
due to poor posture
due to poor conditioning/quality of mm
weakness/decreased ROM
pain with stretch of m

59
Q

chronic fatigue syndrome

A

women>men, early to middle adulthood
present>6mths
tender lymph nodes
HAs, anxiety, depression, persistant fatigue

60
Q

Cancer treatment implications

A
  • Do not treat same day as chemo/within 24 hrs if infection/bad reaction is present
  • infection=100degF
    -general exercise - low to mod intensity - 20-60mins
61
Q

colon cancer signs

A
  • > 50y/o
  • unexplained weightloss
  • bowel disturbances
  • previous hx of ca
62
Q

femoral neck fx signs

A
  • female >70
  • fall
  • pain constant and inc with movement
  • leg ER and shorter
63
Q

cause for osteonecrosis of femoral head

A
  • prolonged corticosteroid use
  • trauma

NPTE (60 decks)

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