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MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY > ORGANISMS THAT MAKE UP THE MICROBIAL WORLD > Flashcards

ORGANISMS THAT MAKE UP THE MICROBIAL WORLD Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cocci - berry cell shape

A

cocci

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2
Q

cocci - rod shaped cell

A

bacilli

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3
Q

cocci - cell that have one or more twists

A

spiral

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4
Q

cocci - cell that changes shape or size in response to environmental conditions

A

pleomorphic

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5
Q

cocci - 1 plane of division composed of 2 cells

A

diplo

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6
Q

cocci - 1 plane of division has many cells; stacks

A

strepto

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7
Q

cocci - 2 planes of division

A

tetrad

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8
Q

cocci - 3 planes of division

A

sarcinae

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9
Q

bacilli - one plane of division

A

strepto

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10
Q

bacilli - thick, short type of bacilli; almost same with diplo

A

coccobacillus

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11
Q

spiral - one twist

A

vibrio

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12
Q

spiral - many twist

A

spirillum

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13
Q

element commonly used as energy source

A

carbon

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14
Q

uses organic carbon as energy source

A

heterotrophs

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15
Q

uses inorganic carbon as energy source

A

autotrophs

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16
Q
  • major component of proteins, n acids, coenzymes
  • terminal electron acceptor in respiration by some bacteria
A

nitrogen

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17
Q

constituent of some amino acids in proteins and some coenzymes

A

sulfur

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18
Q
  • constituent of water, most organic cell components
  • electron acceptor in aerobic respiration
A

oxygen

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19
Q

constituent of water and organic cell components, hydrogen ions form hydrogen bonds, and maintain pH of solution

A

hydrogen

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20
Q

component of ATP, phospholipids and coenzyme

A

phosphorus

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21
Q

15-20 C temp for growth

A

psychrophiles

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22
Q

20-40 C temp for growth

A

mesophiles

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23
Q

45-80 C temp for growth

A

thermophiles

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24
Q

80-250 C temp for growth

A

hyperthermophiles

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25
Q

less than 5.4 pH for growth

A

acidophile

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26
Q

5.4-8.5 pH for growth

A

neutrophiles

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27
Q

8.5-11.5 pH for growth

A

alkaliphiles

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28
Q

absorbs light to obtain energy

A

phototrophic

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29
Q

makes own energy without the need to absorb light

A

chemotrophic

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30
Q

antigens create ___ in the body that triggers the creation of antibodies

A

toxins

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31
Q

have absolute oxygen requirement

A

obligate aerobes

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32
Q

can mutliply in the presence or absence of oxygen

A

facultative anaerobes

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33
Q

unable to multiphy in the presence of oxygen

A

obligate anaerobe

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34
Q

prefers presence of 5-10% carbon dioxide with small amount of oxygen

A

capnophilic

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35
Q

require small amounts of oxygen (2-10% for aerobic respiration )

A

microaerophilic

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36
Q

can grow in the presence of oxygen but do not use it

A

aerotolerant

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37
Q

ability to cause disease

A

pathogenicity

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38
Q

distribution to nature, interaction between and among species

A

ecological

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39
Q
  • photosynthetic, eukaryotic organisms
  • more plantlike than protozoa
A

algae

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40
Q

consist of pellicle (thickened cell membrane), a stigma (a light sensing organelle), and flagella

A

algae

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41
Q

pathogenicity of algae

A

rare

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42
Q
  • combination of alga and a fungus
  • yeats may also be present
A

lichen

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43
Q
  • have both fungal and protozoal characteristics
  • start as ameba, progress into multicellular organisms
A

slime moulds

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44
Q

decomposer and nutrient recyclers

A

slime moulds

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45
Q
  • divided into macroscopic and microscopic
  • not photosynthetic
A

fungi

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46
Q

examples of macroscopic fungi

A

mushrooms, puffballs, gill fungi

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47
Q

examples of microscopic fungi

A

molds, yeasts

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48
Q

fungi’s cell walls contain a polysaccharide called ___

A

chitin

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49
Q

sterols are usually present in the ___ of fungi

A

cell membrane

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50
Q

2 basic forms of fungi

A

yeasts and molds

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51
Q

single celled fungi, reproduce by budding

A

yeast

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52
Q

hyphae and mycelia, reproduce by mitosis

A

molds

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53
Q

molds with transverse walls

A

septate hyphae

54
Q

molds that are multinucelated

A

nonseptate hyphae

55
Q

basing their growth on temperature

A

thermal dimorphism

56
Q

fungi that lives on organic matter

A

saprophytic

57
Q

fungi that can be found on bodies of living animals or plants

A

parasitic

58
Q

sexual reproduction of fungi is in the form of ___

A

spores

59
Q

asexual reproduction of fungi is in the form of ___

A

budding and binary fission

60
Q

give the desirable effects of fungi

A
  • decomposers
  • chemotherapy
  • biotechnology
  • protein supplements
  • production of cellulose
61
Q

give the undesirable effects of fungi

A
  • spoilage of food
  • plant pathogens
  • cause human diseases
62
Q

2 types of host response to fungi

A

granumatous and pyogenic response

63
Q

causes liver necrosis due to AMANITIN and PHALLOIDIN

A

amanita mushrooms

64
Q

ingestion of contaminated peanuts and grans causes liver cancer dure to AFLATOXIN

A

aspergillus flavus

65
Q

inhalation of the spores causes allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (IgE-mediated)

A

aspergillus fumigatus

66
Q

ways to diagnose fungi in the lab

A
  • microscopy of KOH
  • sabouraud agar
  • DNA probes
67
Q

enumerate the eukaryotic microbes

A
  • algae
  • lichens
  • slime moulds
  • fungi
68
Q
  • obligate intracellular parasites of plants
  • acellular
  • naked RNA
A

viroids

69
Q
  • non cellular infectious proteins
  • same amino acid sequence as normal human cell surface proteins BUT folded differently
A

prions

70
Q
  • resistant to nucleases, proteases, many chemical, and normal autoclaving
  • associated spongiform encephalopathies
  • CREAUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE, KURU, FATAL FAMILIAL INSOMNIA
A

prions

71
Q

appearance of vacuolated neurons with loss of function and the lack of an immune response or inflammation

A

spongiform encephalopathies

72
Q

transmission of spongiform encephalopathies

A

via infected tissue or via inherited syndrome

73
Q

susceptible population of spongiform encephalopathies

A
  • women and children of the for tribe in new guinea
  • neurosurgeons and brain surgery patients
  • transplant surgeons and patients
74
Q
  • smallest infectious agents
  • contain only either DNA or RNA
A

virus

75
Q
  • inert in the extracellular environment
  • replicate only in living cells
A

virus

76
Q

virus that infects bacteria

A

bacteriophage

77
Q

surrounds the center of the virion

A

capsid or protein coat

78
Q

combination of the nucleic acids and the capsid

A

nucleocapsid

79
Q

helps the virus attach to the host cell

A

protein spikes

80
Q

the complete viral particle

A

virion

81
Q

surrounds the nucleocapsid

A

membrane envelope

82
Q
  • most stable
  • a geometric shape with 20 triangular sides
A

icosahedral

83
Q

morphologic units seen in electron microscope on the surface of icosahedral viral particles

A

capsomeres

84
Q

RNA virus that can immediately be translated by the host ribosomes to proteins

A

positive stranded

85
Q

RNA virus that cannot be translated immediately; it must transcirbe to a positive strand first

A

negative strand

86
Q

cannot be translated directly into proteins; it must be trsnascribed into mRNA with subsequent translation of mRNA into structural proteins

A

DNA virus

87
Q

outcome of viral infections where there is change in functional visual in infected cells

A

cytopathic

88
Q

outcome of viral infections where it induces transformation and unrestrained growth

A

malignant transformation

89
Q

outcome of viral infections where the infected cell appears normal but are producing large numbers of progeny viruses

A

commensal symbiosis

90
Q
  • prokaryotic organisms with peptidoglycan cell walls
  • “true bacteria ”
A

eubacteria

91
Q

give the habitats of bacteria

A
  • soil
  • plants
  • animals
  • humans
92
Q

how is bacteria able to reproduce?

A

binary fission

93
Q

give examples of diseases caused by bacteria

A
  • botulism
  • cholera
  • tooth decay
  • gonorrhea
  • lyme disease
  • rocky mountain spotted fever
  • salmonella food poisoning
  • strep throat
  • tetanus
  • tuberculosis
94
Q

what disease is caused by streptococcus mutans, sanguis, and salivarus?

A

tooth decay

95
Q

what disease is caused by borrelia burgdorferi?

A

lyme disease

96
Q

what disease is caused by rickettsia ricketsii?

A

rocky mountain spotted fever

97
Q

what disease is caused by borrelia burdogferi?

A

lyme disease

98
Q

what disease is caused by streptococcus pyogenes?

A

strep throat

99
Q
  • ancient bacteria
  • nonpathogenic
  • prev referred to as archaebacterial and archeobacteria
A

archaea

100
Q

fuel production from sewage caused by archaea

A

methanogens

101
Q

organisms that live on or in other living organisms (host)

A

parasites

102
Q

parasite that is established in or on the exterior surface of a host

A

ectoparasite

103
Q

parasite that is establsihed inside of a host

A

endoparasite

104
Q

parasite that is capable of existing independently of a host

A

facultative parasite

105
Q

parasite that cannot survive outside of a host

A

obligate parasite

106
Q

host other than the normal that is harboring a parasite

A

accidental / incidental host

107
Q

host that harbors the adult or sexual stage of the parasite or the sexual phase of the life cycle

A

definitive host

108
Q

host harboring parasites the are parasitic for human and from which humans may become infected

A

reservoir host

109
Q

host responsible for transferring a parasite from one place to another

A

transport host

110
Q

parasite harboring host that is not exhibiting any symptoms but can infect others

A

carrier

111
Q

a host from which the parasite cannot continue its life cycle

A

dead-end host

112
Q
  • first animal
  • exhibits some characteristics typical of animal life
A

protozoa

113
Q
  • unicellular
  • change shape as they move along surfaces
  • no cell wall, has pellicle
  • has pseudopods
A

protozoa

114
Q

how does the protozoa reproduce?

A

binary fission

115
Q

where are these species commonly found
- entamoeba histolytica
- giardia lambia
- cryptosporidium parvum

A

instestinal tract

116
Q

where is trichomona vaginalis commonly found?

A

urigenital tract

117
Q

where are these species commly found
- plasmodium spp.
- taxoplasma gondii
- trypanosoma spp.

A

blood and tissue

118
Q
  • parasitic worms
  • endoparasites
A

helminths

119
Q

other name for round worms

A

nematodes

120
Q

other name for platyhelminthes

A

flatworms

121
Q

2 examples of flatworms

A

tapeworms (cestodes) and flukes (trematodes)

122
Q

sections of the flatworm are called?

A

proglottid

123
Q

where can the suckers of the flatworm be found?

A

scolex

124
Q

how do helminths reproduce? (3)

A

fertilized egg (embryo), larval, adult stages

125
Q

possessing both male and female reproductive organs, structures, or tissue

A

hermaphroditic

126
Q

possessing both male and female reproductive organs, structures, or tissue

A

hermaphroditic

127
Q

give examples of diseases that can be caused by helminths

A
  • ascariasis
  • elephantiasis
  • hookworm
  • lymphatic filariasis
  • schistosomiasis
  • trichuriasis
128
Q
  • invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton
  • include the insects, arachnids, crustaceans
A

arthropods

129
Q

arthon means?

A

joint

130
Q

podos means?

A

foot

131
Q

give examples of common arthropods

A

lice, flease, flies, mosquitoes, mites, ticks

132
Q

pathogenicity of arthopods

A
  • actual cause of disease
  • as intermeidate host in the life cycle of parasite
  • definitive host in the life cyle of parasite
  • vector in transmission of disease

MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY (18 decks)

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