ORGANISMS THAT MAKE UP THE MICROBIAL WORLD Flashcards
cocci - berry cell shape
cocci
cocci - rod shaped cell
bacilli
cocci - cell that have one or more twists
spiral
cocci - cell that changes shape or size in response to environmental conditions
pleomorphic
cocci - 1 plane of division composed of 2 cells
diplo
cocci - 1 plane of division has many cells; stacks
strepto
cocci - 2 planes of division
tetrad
cocci - 3 planes of division
sarcinae
bacilli - one plane of division
strepto
bacilli - thick, short type of bacilli; almost same with diplo
coccobacillus
spiral - one twist
vibrio
spiral - many twist
spirillum
element commonly used as energy source
carbon
uses organic carbon as energy source
heterotrophs
uses inorganic carbon as energy source
autotrophs
- major component of proteins, n acids, coenzymes
- terminal electron acceptor in respiration by some bacteria
nitrogen
constituent of some amino acids in proteins and some coenzymes
sulfur
- constituent of water, most organic cell components
- electron acceptor in aerobic respiration
oxygen
constituent of water and organic cell components, hydrogen ions form hydrogen bonds, and maintain pH of solution
hydrogen
component of ATP, phospholipids and coenzyme
phosphorus
15-20 C temp for growth
psychrophiles
20-40 C temp for growth
mesophiles
45-80 C temp for growth
thermophiles
80-250 C temp for growth
hyperthermophiles
less than 5.4 pH for growth
acidophile
5.4-8.5 pH for growth
neutrophiles
8.5-11.5 pH for growth
alkaliphiles
absorbs light to obtain energy
phototrophic
makes own energy without the need to absorb light
chemotrophic
antigens create ___ in the body that triggers the creation of antibodies
toxins
have absolute oxygen requirement
obligate aerobes
can mutliply in the presence or absence of oxygen
facultative anaerobes
unable to multiphy in the presence of oxygen
obligate anaerobe
prefers presence of 5-10% carbon dioxide with small amount of oxygen
capnophilic
require small amounts of oxygen (2-10% for aerobic respiration )
microaerophilic
can grow in the presence of oxygen but do not use it
aerotolerant
ability to cause disease
pathogenicity
distribution to nature, interaction between and among species
ecological
- photosynthetic, eukaryotic organisms
- more plantlike than protozoa
algae
consist of pellicle (thickened cell membrane), a stigma (a light sensing organelle), and flagella
algae
pathogenicity of algae
rare
- combination of alga and a fungus
- yeats may also be present
lichen
- have both fungal and protozoal characteristics
- start as ameba, progress into multicellular organisms
slime moulds
decomposer and nutrient recyclers
slime moulds
- divided into macroscopic and microscopic
- not photosynthetic
fungi
examples of macroscopic fungi
mushrooms, puffballs, gill fungi
examples of microscopic fungi
molds, yeasts
fungi’s cell walls contain a polysaccharide called ___
chitin
sterols are usually present in the ___ of fungi
cell membrane
2 basic forms of fungi
yeasts and molds
single celled fungi, reproduce by budding
yeast
hyphae and mycelia, reproduce by mitosis
molds
molds with transverse walls
septate hyphae
molds that are multinucelated
nonseptate hyphae
basing their growth on temperature
thermal dimorphism
fungi that lives on organic matter
saprophytic
fungi that can be found on bodies of living animals or plants
parasitic
sexual reproduction of fungi is in the form of ___
spores
asexual reproduction of fungi is in the form of ___
budding and binary fission
give the desirable effects of fungi
- decomposers
- chemotherapy
- biotechnology
- protein supplements
- production of cellulose
give the undesirable effects of fungi
- spoilage of food
- plant pathogens
- cause human diseases
2 types of host response to fungi
granumatous and pyogenic response
causes liver necrosis due to AMANITIN and PHALLOIDIN
amanita mushrooms
ingestion of contaminated peanuts and grans causes liver cancer dure to AFLATOXIN
aspergillus flavus
inhalation of the spores causes allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (IgE-mediated)
aspergillus fumigatus
ways to diagnose fungi in the lab
- microscopy of KOH
- sabouraud agar
- DNA probes
enumerate the eukaryotic microbes
- algae
- lichens
- slime moulds
- fungi
- obligate intracellular parasites of plants
- acellular
- naked RNA
viroids
- non cellular infectious proteins
- same amino acid sequence as normal human cell surface proteins BUT folded differently
prions
- resistant to nucleases, proteases, many chemical, and normal autoclaving
- associated spongiform encephalopathies
- CREAUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE, KURU, FATAL FAMILIAL INSOMNIA
prions
appearance of vacuolated neurons with loss of function and the lack of an immune response or inflammation
spongiform encephalopathies
transmission of spongiform encephalopathies
via infected tissue or via inherited syndrome
susceptible population of spongiform encephalopathies
- women and children of the for tribe in new guinea
- neurosurgeons and brain surgery patients
- transplant surgeons and patients
- smallest infectious agents
- contain only either DNA or RNA
virus
- inert in the extracellular environment
- replicate only in living cells
virus
virus that infects bacteria
bacteriophage
surrounds the center of the virion
capsid or protein coat
combination of the nucleic acids and the capsid
nucleocapsid
helps the virus attach to the host cell
protein spikes
the complete viral particle
virion
surrounds the nucleocapsid
membrane envelope
- most stable
- a geometric shape with 20 triangular sides
icosahedral
morphologic units seen in electron microscope on the surface of icosahedral viral particles
capsomeres
RNA virus that can immediately be translated by the host ribosomes to proteins
positive stranded
RNA virus that cannot be translated immediately; it must transcirbe to a positive strand first
negative strand
cannot be translated directly into proteins; it must be trsnascribed into mRNA with subsequent translation of mRNA into structural proteins
DNA virus
outcome of viral infections where there is change in functional visual in infected cells
cytopathic
outcome of viral infections where it induces transformation and unrestrained growth
malignant transformation
outcome of viral infections where the infected cell appears normal but are producing large numbers of progeny viruses
commensal symbiosis
- prokaryotic organisms with peptidoglycan cell walls
- “true bacteria ”
eubacteria
give the habitats of bacteria
- soil
- plants
- animals
- humans
how is bacteria able to reproduce?
binary fission
give examples of diseases caused by bacteria
- botulism
- cholera
- tooth decay
- gonorrhea
- lyme disease
- rocky mountain spotted fever
- salmonella food poisoning
- strep throat
- tetanus
- tuberculosis
what disease is caused by streptococcus mutans, sanguis, and salivarus?
tooth decay
what disease is caused by borrelia burgdorferi?
lyme disease
what disease is caused by rickettsia ricketsii?
rocky mountain spotted fever
what disease is caused by borrelia burdogferi?
lyme disease
what disease is caused by streptococcus pyogenes?
strep throat
- ancient bacteria
- nonpathogenic
- prev referred to as archaebacterial and archeobacteria
archaea
fuel production from sewage caused by archaea
methanogens
organisms that live on or in other living organisms (host)
parasites
parasite that is established in or on the exterior surface of a host
ectoparasite
parasite that is establsihed inside of a host
endoparasite
parasite that is capable of existing independently of a host
facultative parasite
parasite that cannot survive outside of a host
obligate parasite
host other than the normal that is harboring a parasite
accidental / incidental host
host that harbors the adult or sexual stage of the parasite or the sexual phase of the life cycle
definitive host
host harboring parasites the are parasitic for human and from which humans may become infected
reservoir host
host responsible for transferring a parasite from one place to another
transport host
parasite harboring host that is not exhibiting any symptoms but can infect others
carrier
a host from which the parasite cannot continue its life cycle
dead-end host
- first animal
- exhibits some characteristics typical of animal life
protozoa
- unicellular
- change shape as they move along surfaces
- no cell wall, has pellicle
- has pseudopods
protozoa
how does the protozoa reproduce?
binary fission
where are these species commonly found
- entamoeba histolytica
- giardia lambia
- cryptosporidium parvum
instestinal tract
where is trichomona vaginalis commonly found?
urigenital tract
where are these species commly found
- plasmodium spp.
- taxoplasma gondii
- trypanosoma spp.
blood and tissue
- parasitic worms
- endoparasites
helminths
other name for round worms
nematodes
other name for platyhelminthes
flatworms
2 examples of flatworms
tapeworms (cestodes) and flukes (trematodes)
sections of the flatworm are called?
proglottid
where can the suckers of the flatworm be found?
scolex
how do helminths reproduce? (3)
fertilized egg (embryo), larval, adult stages
possessing both male and female reproductive organs, structures, or tissue
hermaphroditic
possessing both male and female reproductive organs, structures, or tissue
hermaphroditic
give examples of diseases that can be caused by helminths
- ascariasis
- elephantiasis
- hookworm
- lymphatic filariasis
- schistosomiasis
- trichuriasis
- invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton
- include the insects, arachnids, crustaceans
arthropods
arthon means?
joint
podos means?
foot
give examples of common arthropods
lice, flease, flies, mosquitoes, mites, ticks
pathogenicity of arthopods
- actual cause of disease
- as intermeidate host in the life cycle of parasite
- definitive host in the life cyle of parasite
- vector in transmission of disease
