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MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY > MICROBIAL CONTROL > Flashcards

MICROBIAL CONTROL Flashcards

1
Q

bacteria are preparing to divide and period of adjustment in the new environment

A

lag phase

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2
Q

bacteria number increases logarithmucally or undergoes rapid cell dividion

A

log / exponential phase

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3
Q

nutrients are becoming limited but the number of bacteria remains constant / state of equilibrium

A

stationary phase

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4
Q

nonviable bacteria exceed the number of viable cells

A

death phase

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5
Q

cells are __ % water

A

70-95 %

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6
Q

which microbes survive lack of water for lung durations

A

bacterial endospores and protozoan cysts

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7
Q

pH of acidophiles

A

< 5.4

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8
Q

pH of alkalinophiles

A

7 - 11.5

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9
Q

pH of neutrophiles

A

5.4 - 8.5

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10
Q

most organisms grow best under ideas conditions of osmotic pressure, which is determined by ___

A

salt concentration

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11
Q

destruction of all viable microorganisms

A

sterilization

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12
Q

destruction or removal of pathogens from nonliving objects physical or chemical methods

A

disinfection

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13
Q

free of viable pathogenic microorganisms

A

asepsis

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14
Q

prevention of infection by inhibiting the growth of pathogens

A

antisepsis

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15
Q

growth inhibiting agent

A

antiseptic

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16
Q

mechanical removal of most microbes from animate or inanimate surface

A

decontamination

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17
Q

soap or detergent used

A

sanitizer

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18
Q

removal or reduction of microorganisms from the skin

A

degerming / degermination

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19
Q

disinfectant that kill microbes, can be used on inanimate materials or on living tissue, but cannot kill resistant microbes

A

germicide

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20
Q

chemical that inhibits the growth and reproduction of bacteria on tissues or on objects

A

bacteristatic / bacteriostatic agent

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21
Q

inhibition of bacterial growth

A

bacteriostasis

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22
Q

chemical that destroys bacteria except for endospores

A

bactericide

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23
Q

substance capable of killing bacteria

A

bactericidal

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24
Q

enumerate the effects of antimicrobial agents on cellular structure

A
  • damage to cell wall integrity
  • alteration of membrane permeability
  • damage to protein and nucleic acid
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25
Q

most practical, efficient and inexpensive method of sterilization of inanimate objects / materials

A

heat

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26
Q

microbes with the greatest resistance to heat

A

bacterial endospores

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27
Q

microbes with the least resistance to heat

A

vegetative state of bacteria and fungi

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28
Q
  • using pressurized steam
  • 15 psi of pressure
  • 121 C temp for 15 minutes

USE: sterilize culture media, surgical instruments, and linens

A

autoclaving

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29
Q
  • inside a chamber
  • free flowing stream for 30-60 mins
  • 24 hours incubation

USES: for heat sensitive culture media, canned foods

A

non-pressurized steam / intermittent sterilization / tyndallization

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30
Q
  • heat applied to liquids
  • retains flavor and food value

USES: destroys pathogen in food: milk, yogurt, beer, etc.

A

pasteurization

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31
Q
  • heating objects in water at 100 C
  • achieves disinfection, not sterilization

USES: drinking water, utensisl, food prep, materials for babies, clothing

A

boiling

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32
Q
  • used to destroy contaminating bacteria in vaccine prep
  • water bath at 60 C
A

vaccine bath

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33
Q
  • inactivate bacteria ocntaminating serum prep
  • heating at 56 C for successive days
A

serum bath

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34
Q
  • sterilize inoculating loops, dehydrates the cell, denatures proteins, oxidizes cell

USES: inoculation in the lab, processing culture media

A

direct flaming

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35
Q
  • complete destruction and disposal of infectious materials

USES: infectious waste disposal

A

incineration

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36
Q
  • oven at 180 C for 2-4 hours

USES: sterilize glassware, metal instruments, powders, and oils

A

hot air sterilization

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37
Q
  • bacteriostatic
  • slows the growth of most microorganisms

USES: preserving foods, drugs, and microbal culture

A

refrigeration

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38
Q
  • culutres are quick-frozen at -50 to -95 C

USES: preserving foods, drugs, and microbe culture

A

deep freezing

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39
Q
  • combines drying and freezing
  • microbistatic

USES: preserving foods, drugs, antisera, and microbial cultures for years

A

lyophilization / freeze-drying

40
Q
  • removes water for microbial environement
  • stops metabolism, growth , and reproduction
  • microbistatic

USES: food preservation

A

desiccation / dehydration

41
Q
  • use of high concentration gradient to cause plasmolysis
  • water loss from microbe

USES: food preservation

A

osmotic pressure

42
Q
  • passage of liquid or gas via screen or filters made of cellulose

USES: water and air purification, sterilizing heat sensitive solutions

A

filtration

43
Q
  • destruction of DNA and other proteisn and production of toxic susbtances

USES: sterilize material sensitive to heat: drugs, vaccines, disposable dental and medical supplies

A

ionizing radiation

44
Q
  • limited penetration, ineffective if microbes are protected by paper, glass or textile

USES: germicidal lamp in hospiral rooms, nurseries, OR, schools, food prep areas, detal offices; disinfect vaccines and medical products

A

non-ionizing radiation

45
Q

level of chemical decontamination - kill endospores and, if properly used, are sterilant

A

high level

46
Q

level of chemical decontamination - kill fungal spores, and resistant pathogens

A

intermediate level

47
Q

level of chemical decontamination - eliminate only vegetative bacteria, vegetative fungal cells, and some viruses

48
Q
  • highly effective components of disinfectants and antiseptics
  • oxidize and denatures proteins
  • microbicidal and sporicidal
49
Q
  • rapid disruption of cell wall and membranes (high conc.)
  • inactivate enzyme systems (low conc.)
  • microbicidal but not sporicidal
A

phenol / carbolic acid

50
Q

disrupts cell membranes and coagulates intracellular components

A

chlorhexidine

51
Q
  • denature proteins and disrupt cell membranes
  • not sporicidal
52
Q

chlorine, iodine, bromine, and flourine

53
Q

cresols, bisphenols (aerosol sprays), hexachlorophene, triclosan

A

phenol / carbolic acid

54
Q

gyne-pro, orahex, astring-o-sol

A

chlorhexidine

55
Q

isopropyl, ethyl

56
Q
  • free radical oxidation
  • treating infections by anaerobic bacteria
  • microbicical
A

oxidizing agents

57
Q
  • disrupt the activity of enzymes in the cell
  • inactivate proteins to kill microorganisms
  • microbicidal
58
Q
  • very penetrating, strong alkylating agents
  • block bth DNA replication and enzymatic actions
  • sporicidal
A

gasseous sterilant and disinfectant

59
Q
  • impair permeability of cell membranes
  • detergents - disrupt cell membrane actvity causing cell death
  • not sporicidal
A

surface-active agents / surfactants

60
Q

hydrogen peroxide, ozone

A

oxiding agents

61
Q

formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde

62
Q

ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, chlorine dioxide

A

gasseous sterilant and disinfectant

63
Q

quaternary ammonium compounds (benzalkonium chloride, certylpyridinium chloride)

A

surface-active agents / surfactants

64
Q
  • exert microbicidal effects by binding into functional groups of proteins and inactivating them
  • microbicidal
A

heavy metal compounds

65
Q
  • bectericidal and antifungal agent
  • binds to DNA of target organsism causing disruption, mutation, and inhibition of DNA replication
66
Q

very low or high pH destroy or inhibit microbial cells

A

acids and alkali

67
Q

organic mercury, silver nitrate

A

heavy metal compounds

68
Q

gentian violet, crytal violet

69
Q

organic acids

A

acids and alkali

70
Q

treatment of disease with chemical agents

A

chemotherapy

71
Q

any chemical used in the treatment, or prophylaxis of a disease

A

chemotherapeutic agents

72
Q

use of drug to prevent imminent infection of a person at risk

A

prophylaxis

73
Q

use of chemotherapeutic drugs to control infection

A

antimicrobial chemotherapy

74
Q

chemical substance that destroys disease-causing microorganisms with minimal damage to host tissues

A

antimicrobial drugs

75
Q

substances produced by micoorganisms through natural metabolic processes

A

antibiotics

76
Q

chemically modified in the lab after being isolated from natural sources

A

semisynthetic drugs

77
Q

use of chemical reactions to synthesize antimicrobial compounds in the lab

A

synthetic drugs

78
Q

antimicrobials effective againsta a limited array of microbial types

A

narrow spectrum (limited)

79
Q

antimicrobials effecive against a wide variety of microbial types

A

broad-spectrum (extended)

80
Q

agents that work against bacterial pathogens

A

antibacterial agents

81
Q

block cell wall synthesis by inhibition of peptidoglycan cross-linking

A

penicillin, ampicillin

82
Q

block peptidoglycan synthesis

A

bacitracin, vancomycin

83
Q

block nucelotide synthesis by inhibiting folic acids synthesis incolved in methylation

A

sulfonamides, trimethoprim

84
Q

block DNA topoisomerase

A

fluoroquinolones

85
Q

block mRNA synthesis

86
Q

damage DNA

A

metronidazole

87
Q

block protein synthesis at 50S ribosomal subunit

A

chloramphenicol, clindamycin

88
Q

block protein synthesis at 30S ribosomal unit

A

aminoglycosides, tetracyclines

89
Q

agents that work against fungal pathogens

A

antifungal therapy

90
Q
  • selective toxicity is almost impossible to achieve
  • several drugs have been developed that target specific points in the infectious cycle of these microbes
A

antiviral therapy

91
Q
  • interfere with DNA and RNA synthesis
  • interfere with protozoal metabolism
A

antiprotozoal agents

92
Q

broad spectrum; for roundworms, inhibit function of microtubules of worms, eggs, larvae which interferes with their glucose utilization and disable them

A

mebendazole and thiabendazole

93
Q

paralyze intestinal roundworms

A

pyrantel and piperazine

94
Q

for tapeworm and fluke infections

A

praziquantel

95
Q

treatment for oncocercosis and other worm infections

A

ivermectin

MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY (18 decks)

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