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MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY > MICROBIAL MECHANISMS OF PATHOGENICITY > Flashcards

MICROBIAL MECHANISMS OF PATHOGENICITY Flashcards

1
Q

the ability of an organism to cause disease

A

pathogenicity

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2
Q

the severity or harmfulness of a disease

A

virulence

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3
Q

portals of entry

A

mucous membranes, skin, parenteral routes

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4
Q

microorganisms can gain access in the GIT in food and water via ___

A

contaminated fingers

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5
Q

portal of entry for pathogens that are contracted sexually

A

gut

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6
Q

preferred portal of entry of salmonella typhi

A

mouth - swallowed

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7
Q

preferred portal of entry of stretococcus pneumoniae

A

nose / mouth - inhaled

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8
Q

preferred portal of entry of yersinia pestis

A

more than one portal of entry - can cause plagues

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9
Q

number of invading microbes - virulence

A

ID 50

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10
Q

number of invading microbes - toxin potency

A

LD 50

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11
Q

number of microbes to cause cutaneous anthrax

A

10-50 endospores

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12
Q

number of microbes to cause inhalation anthrax

A

10,000 - 20,000 endospores

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13
Q

number of microbes to cause gastrointestinal antrax

A

250,000 - 1M endospores

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14
Q

lethal dose of botulinum toxin in mice

A

0.03 ng/kg

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15
Q

lethal does of shiga toxin

A

25 ng/kg

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16
Q

ability of microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses, to attach to host cells or surfaces

A

adherence

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17
Q

attaches to teeth by means of its glycocalyx which is primarily made up of dextran

A

streptococcus mutans

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18
Q

have fimbriae that adhere to the glycocalynx of s. mutans

A

actinomyces

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19
Q

have adhesions on fimbriae that adhere only to specific kinds of cells in the small intestine

A

shigella and e. coli

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20
Q

uses tapered end as a hook to attach to host cells

A

treponema pallidum

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21
Q

produces an edhesion for a specific receptor on a host cell

A

listeria monocytogenes

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22
Q

has a fimbriae with adhesions

A

neisseria gonorrhoae

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23
Q

has a mechanism of adherence that resembles viral attachment

A

staphylococcus aureus

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24
Q
  • protective layers surrounding some bacteria that enhance their ability to evade the host’s immune system
  • help bacteria avoid phagocytosis by immune cells and may facilitate adhesion to host tissues
A

capsules

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25
Q

enzyme that coagulates blood

A

coagulase

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26
Q

enzyme that digest fibrin clots

A

kinases / fibrinolysin

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27
Q

enyme that hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid

A

hyaluronidase

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28
Q

enzymes that hydrolyzes collagen

A

collagenase

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29
Q

enzyme that destroys IgA antibodies

A

IgA proteases

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30
Q

enzyme that breaks down RBC

A

hemolysis

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31
Q

enzymes that breaks down phospholipids, and destroy the plasma membrane of RBC

A

lecithinase

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32
Q

enzyme that destroys neutrophils

A

leukocidins

33
Q

process of altering surface antigens thus evading immune response

A

antigenic variation

34
Q

surface proteins that rearrange nearby actin filaments of the cytoskeleton

35
Q
  • a glycoprotein that bridges the junctions between cells
  • used by certain microbes to move from cell to cell
36
Q

proteins that exhibit a high affinity to iron

A

siderophores

37
Q

poisonous substances that are produced by certain microorganisms

38
Q

capacity of microorganisms to produce toxins

A

toxigenicity

39
Q

refers to the presence of toxin in the blood

40
Q

what are the 2 types of toxins?

A

exotoxins, endotoxins

41
Q
  • produces mostly by gram positive bacterium
  • chiefly made up of protein
  • part of growth and metabolism
42
Q
  • release following lysis of bacterial cell
  • carried by bacterial plasmids
  • soluble in fluids
43
Q
  • most lethal substances known
  • disease specific
44
Q

anitbodies produced by the body that provide immunity to exotoxins

A

antitoxins

45
Q

inactivated toxin used in a vaccine

46
Q

true or false - diptheria and tetanus cannot be prevented by toxoid vaccination

47
Q

what are the 3 principal types of exotoxin?

A

a-b toxins, membrane-disrupting toxins, superantigens

48
Q
  • also called type III toxins
  • 2 polypeptide parts
  • first toxins to be studied
A

A-B toxins

49
Q

the A part of the A-B toxin is the ___ components while the B part is ___

A

active (enzyme), binding

50
Q
  • also called type II toxins
  • damage of destroy the integrity of cell membranes
A

membrane-disrupting toxins

51
Q

disrupting toxins that kill phagocytic leukocytes

A

leukocidins

52
Q

membrane-disrupting toxins that destroy erythrocytes

53
Q
  • also called type I toxins
  • stimulate the proliferation of immune cells called T cells with release of enormous amounts of cytokines
A

superantigens

54
Q

toxins that cause food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome

A

superantigens

55
Q
  • made up of lipopolysaccharides
  • released when bacteria dies, and cell walls lyse
A

endotoxins

56
Q
  • stimulates macrophage to release cytokines in very high concentrations
  • produce the same signs and symptoms (chills, fever, weakness, generalized aches, shock, sometimes death)
A

endotoxins

57
Q
  • can induce miscarriage
  • severe consequences include DIC (blood coagulation disease) and shock
A

endotoxins

58
Q
  • small, circular, DNA molecules capable of independent replication
  • resistance (R) factors
59
Q

incorporation of viral DNA into the bacterial chromosome

60
Q

the newly integrated genetic material because of lysogeny is now called a ___

61
Q

a bacterial cell contaning a prophage

62
Q

exhibition of new properties codes by the prophage in the bacterial cell, both the host cells and its progeny

A

lysogenic conversion

63
Q
  • evading host’s defense
  • damage or death of the host cell while reproducing themselves
64
Q

structural and functional changes in host cells caused by a viral infection

A

cytopathic effects

65
Q

ability of a virus or other pathogen to kill host cells

A

cytocidal effects

66
Q

impact of a virus or other pathogen on host cells that does not result in cell death

A

noncytocidal effects

67
Q

doesnt have a well-defined set of virulence factors

68
Q
  • inhibit CHON synthesis
  • causes headaches, chill, severe nausea, vomiting and visual distrubances
A

trichothecenes

69
Q

tricothecenes toxin is produced by

A

fusarium (from grains and rice)

70
Q
  • an alkaloid
  • produced by claviceps pupurea
  • found in scleoria
  • causes hallucination and limb gangrene
A

toxin ergot

71
Q
  • produced by aspergillus flavus
  • found in nuts which is carcinogenic
72
Q
  • produced by amanita phalloides
  • may result in death
A

mycotoxins

73
Q

inavde host cells and reproduce within them, causing their rupture

A

plamsodium

74
Q

attaches to macrophages and gains entry by phagocytosis

A

toxoplasma

75
Q

attach to host cells and digest the cells and tissue fluids

A

giarda lablia

76
Q

produces neurotoxins

77
Q
  • produced by some genera of dinoflagellates such as Alexandrium
  • causes Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning
78
Q
  • use host tissues for growth and metabolism
  • waste products can lead to disease symptoms

MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY (18 decks)

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