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MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY > HOST RESISTANCE AND INFECTION > Flashcards

HOST RESISTANCE AND INFECTION Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

general and serve to protect the body against many harmful substances

A

non specific host defense

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2
Q

includes INNATE or INBORN resistance observed among species of animals and some persons who have a natural resistance to certain disease

A

non specific host defense

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3
Q
  • physical or mechanical barriers
  • intact and unbroken skin
A

first line of defense

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4
Q

what components are included in the first line of defense?

A
  • skin and mucus membranes
  • cellualr and chemical factors
  • microbial antagonism
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5
Q

(first line of defense)
___ entrap invaders

A

sticky mucus

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6
Q

chemical components found in saliva, tears, mucus, and colostrum

A

SIgA, lysozyme, lactoperoxidase

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7
Q

___ is found in the stomach for gastric mucosal defense

A

pepsin

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8
Q

(first line of defense)
___ are found in epithelial cell

A

beta defensins

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9
Q

pH of skin for defense

A

pH 5.5

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10
Q

pH of gastric acid

A

pH 1-3

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11
Q

pH of vagina

A

pH 4.4

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12
Q

protection of the gut

A
  • urination
  • expulsion of mucus secretions
  • acidity of vagina
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13
Q

___ fight the invasion of new microorganisms in a particular anatomical site

A

resident microbes

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14
Q
  • a glycoprotein with a high affinity to iron
  • store and deliver iron to host cells
A

transferrin

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15
Q

body temperature greater than 37.8C

A

fever

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16
Q

what cells ingests the toxins released by the bacteria in the blood stream?

A

phagocytes

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17
Q

ingestine toxins stimulates the phagocytes to produce ___

A

IL-1

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18
Q

Il-1 stimulates the hypothalamus to produce ___

A

prostaglandins

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19
Q

what is the function of prostaglandins?

A

causes the hypothalamic thermostat to be set at a higher level

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20
Q

increased thermostatic reading sends out signals to the nerves surrounding the pvs, causing ___

A

vasoconstriction

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21
Q
  • small antiviral proteins poduced by virus-infected cells
  • not virus specific; but species specific
A

interferons

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22
Q

3 types of interferons

A

alpha, beta, gamma

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23
Q

human interferons are industrially produced by ___

A

genetically engineered bacteria

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24
Q

examples of alpha interferons

A

b cells, monocytes, macrophages

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25
Q

examples of beta interferons

A

fibroblasts

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26
Q

examples of gamma interferons

A

t cells, nk cells

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27
Q

a group of approximately 30 different proteins found in normal blood plasma

A

complement

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28
Q

the proteins interact with each other in a stepwise manner known as the ___

A

complement cascade

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29
Q

enhances resistance to infection and promoting repair of damagedd tissue

A

acute phase proteins

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30
Q
  • chemical mediators
  • enable cells to communicate with each other
A

cytokines

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31
Q

some cytokines are ___ recruiting phagocytes to location, and direct role in host defense

A

chemoattractants

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32
Q

normal response to any local injury, irritation, microbial invasion, or bacterial toxin

A

inflammation

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33
Q

during inflammation, ___ happens to increase blood flow to the site

A

vasodilation

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34
Q

accumulation of fluid, cells, and cellular debris

A

inflammatory exudate

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35
Q

thick and greenish yellow susbtance during inflammation

A

purulent exudate or pus

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36
Q

pyogenic microorganisms in inflammation

A

staphylococci & streptococci

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37
Q

the process by which phagocytes surrouns and engluf foreign material

A

phagocytosis

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38
Q

2 most important groups of phagocytes

A

macrophages, neutrophils

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39
Q

4 steps of phagocytosis

A
  • chemotaxis
  • attachment
  • ingestion
  • digestion
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40
Q

phagocytes move along a concentration gradient

A

chemotaxis

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41
Q

a directed migration due to the presence of ___

A

chemotactic agents

42
Q

coating of pathogens with antibodies in order to increase their susceptibility to ingestion by phagocytes

A

opsonization

43
Q

true or false: phagocytes can only ingest objects to which they can attach

A

True

44
Q

within the cytoplasm of the phagocyte, th eobject is contained within a membrane-bound vesicle calle ___

A

phagosome

45
Q

phagosome fuses with a nearby lysosome to form a digestive vacuole called ___

A

phagolysosome

46
Q

___ reduces oxygen to very destructive products such as superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals

A

NADPH oxidase

47
Q

what does NADPH mean?

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen

48
Q

where does NADPH oxidase do its job?

A

in neutrophils

49
Q

produces hypochlorous acid

A

myeloperoxidase

50
Q

the study of the immune system

A

immunology

51
Q

the immune system’s way of protecting the body against an infectious disease

A

immunity

52
Q

a complex network of organs, cells and proteins that defends the body against infection, whilst protecting the body’s own cells

A

immune system

53
Q

physiological reaction which occurs within an organism in the context of inflammation for the purpose of defending against exogenous factors

A

immune response

54
Q

4 general properties of specific immune response

A
  • recognition
  • specificity
  • heterogeneity
  • memory
55
Q
  • foreign organic substances
  • antibody-generating substances
A

antigens

56
Q

antigenic determinants; part of the antigen that is recognized by the immune system

A

epitopes

57
Q

small molecules that elicit an immune response only when attached to a large carrier such as a proteins

A

haptens

58
Q

2 most crucial cells of the specific host resistance

A

macrophages, lymphocytes

59
Q

plan an important role in the specific immue response a “antigen-presenting cells”

A

macrophages

60
Q

non-granulocytic WBC’s involved in immune response

A

lymphocytes

61
Q

2 types of lymphocytes

A

b cells, t cells

62
Q

what 2 events must occur for an effective specific immune response?

A

antigen recognition, lymphocyte proliferation

63
Q

2 major arms of the immune system

A
  • cell mediated immunity
  • antibody mediated immunity
64
Q
  • coordinator of immune regulation
  • activates other WBC
A

helper t cells (Th)

65
Q

releases cytokine to render the ff:
- stimulate cytotoxic cells to grow and divide
- chemotaxis
- enhancing ability of macrophages to engulf and destroy microbes

A

helper t cells (Th)

66
Q

directly kill certain tumor cell, viral-infected cells

A

cytotoxic t cells (Tc)

67
Q

binds to foreign cells and then release the ff:
- perforins
- granzymes

A

cytotoxic t cells (Tc)

68
Q

what does perforin do?

A

make holes in infected cell’s membrane

69
Q
  • releases chemicals that suppress the activity of t cells and b cells
  • responsible for stopping the immune response
A

regulatoy t cells (Ts)

70
Q
  • remain after immune suppression
  • act as helper t cells on secondary exposure of antigen
A

memory t cells (Tm)

71
Q
  • associated with certain allergic reactiosn and rejection of transplanted tissues
A

delayed hypersensitivity t cells (Td)

72
Q
  • produces a variety of chemical substances that recruit defense cells (macrophage)
  • bodys defense against cancer
A

delayed hypersensitivty t cells (Td)

73
Q

connects helper t cells to macrophages via mhc molecules

A

cd4 (t4) cells

74
Q

connects cytotoxic t cells to cells displaying mhc molecules

A

cd8 (t8) cells

75
Q
  • subpopulation of lymphocytes called granular lymphocytes
  • capable of destroying other cells, especially virus infected cells and tumor cells
A

natural killer cells

76
Q
  • do not proliferate in response to antigen and appear not to be involved in antigen-specific recognition
  • not phagocytic but must contact target cell to lyse it
A

natural killer cells

77
Q

functions of cytokines

A
  • stimulate cytotoxic cells to grow and divide
  • chemotaxis
  • enhancing ability of macrophages to engluf and destroy microbes
78
Q

cytokine that is pyrogenic or induces fever

A

interleukin 1 / IL1

79
Q

cytokines that stimulate t cells and b cells to proliferate, also activates NK cells

A

interleukin 2 / IL2

80
Q

cytokines that help make tissue cells resistant to viral infection

A

gamma interferon / Y-IFN

81
Q

cytokines that activates NK cells and macrophages, also enhances maturation of cytotoxic t cells

A

gamma interferon / Y-IFN

82
Q
  • cytokines that functions as a WBC growth factor
  • stimulates stem cells to produce granulocytes and monocytes
A

granulocyte-macrophage colony stimuating factor (GM-CSF)

83
Q

cytokines that activate t cells and macrophages; cell killing

A

tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

84
Q
  • aka humoral response
  • b cells play the major role
  • involves the production of antibodies (Ab or Igs)
A

antibody mediated immune response

85
Q

soluble proteins produced by activated b cells or plasma cell offsprings in response to an antigen

A

antibodies (Ab) / immunoglobulins (Igs)

86
Q

molecular weight of Ab and Igs

A

150,000 daltons

87
Q

what is the shape of an Ab and Igs?

A

y shaped with 4 polypeptide chains; 2 heavy and 2 light

88
Q

antibody that binds to membranes of basophils and mast cells; allergies

A

IgE

89
Q

antibody responsible for internal body secretions

A

IgA

90
Q

antibody that is lightest among all classes; can cross the placenta; enables complement fixation

A

IgG

91
Q

1st Ab in response to antigen; most efficient complement binding Ig; bacterial to gram (-) bacteria

A

IgM

92
Q

what are the effects of antibodies?

A
  • inactivates antigen
  • binds antigens together
  • activates complement cascade
  • initiates release of inflammatory chemicals
  • facilitates phagocytosis
93
Q

antibody production depends on?

A
  • nature of antigen
  • site of antigenic stimulus
  • amount of antigen
  • number of times the person is expose to the antigen
94
Q

acquired through the normal life expepriences of a human and is not induced through medical means

A

natural immunity

95
Q

the consequence of a person developing his own immune respone to a microbe

A

active immunity

96
Q

the consequence of one person recieving performed immunity made by another person

A

passive immunity

97
Q

produce purposefully through medical procedure (also called immunization)

A

artificial immunity

98
Q
  • immunity that resulted from infection
  • may be long term, may be temporary for some
A

naturally acquired active immunity

99
Q
  • immunity resulting from vaccination
  • attenuated, inactivated, toxoid
A

artifically acquired active immunity

100
Q
  • mother to fetus
  • transplacental transfer
  • colostrum
  • few weeks or months duration
A

naturally acquired passive immunity

101
Q
  • humoral antibodies acquired by injection
  • lasts for a few weeks
  • antivenom, antitoxin
A

artificially acquired passive immunity

MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY (18 decks)

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