NERVOUS DISEASES Flashcards
infection predominantly involving the subarachnoid space / meninges
meningitis
infection diffusely involving brain tissue
encephalitis
focal infection of brain tissue with no capsule formation
cerebritis
focal infection of brain tissue with capsule formation
abscess
route of cns infection: from primary infection in the lungs or heart valves
arterial
route of cns infection: from infected scalp veins, orbital infections via the cavernous sinus
venous
arterial and venous route are both __
hematogenous
route of cns infection: from the mastoid, middle ear, sinuses, or infected tooth
direct
route of cns infection: a result of mechanical trauma
implantation
route of cns infection: viral infections like rabies, herpes zoster, and polio
along cns pathways
route of cn infection: congenital or acquired (fractures)
bony defects
common causative agents of viral encephalitis
- herpes simplex virus
- varicella zoster
- epstein barr
- arthropod borne
- la cross
- west nile
- st. louis
diagnostic test for encephalitis
CSF profile
WBC difference of bacterial and viral encephalitis
bacterial - neutrophils predominate
viral - lymphocytes predominate
glucose conc. diff. between bacterial and viral encephalitis
bacterial - decreased
viral - normal
serum glucose ratio diff. between bacterial and viral encephalitis
bacterial - decreased
viral - normal
SS:
- meningismus
- headache
- photophobia
- pain in moving eyes
- malaise
- maylgia
- anorexia
- nausea, vomiting
- abdominal pain
encephalitis
treatment for encephalitis
- acyclovir
- anticonvulsants
mode of transmission of encephalitis
- airbonrne
- insect / animal bites
- one of the most important causes of human viral encephalitis in asia
- zoonotic, vector-borne virus
japanese encephalitis
japanese enceph. is primarily spread by ___
culex mosquitoes
natural reservoir of japanese enceph.
birds and pigs
causative agent of japanese enceph.
flavi virus
mode of transmission of japanese enceph.
mosquito bites
SS:
- fever
- rising ICP damages in brain
- headache
- stroke respiration
- hemianopia / hemianopsia
- hemiparalysis
- doll’s eye reflex
- flexor posturing
- extensor posturing
- vegetative state
- brain dead
japanese encephalitis
diagnostic test for japanese enceph.
- CSF exam
- blood culture
treatment for japanese encephalitis
prevent ICP increase
- oxygen therapy
- mannitol IV infusion
- furosemide IV push
- dexamethasone IV
- stool softeners: lactulose
mange seizure and headache
- anti convulsants
- nsaids
type of viral encephalitis caused by rhabdo virus with unique manifestation of violent and impulsive behavior associated to viral damaging effects to the brain
rabies
mode of transmission of rabies
animal bites
incubation period of rabies
10 days
SS:
- fever
- myalgia
- malaise
- anorexia
- painful throat muscles spasm
- hydrophobia
- aerophobia
rabies
diagnostic procedures for rabies
- brain biopsy
- serology
- pet observation
associated with consumption of home-canned, vacuum-packed food, and preserved spiced, smoked fish
botulism
causative agent of botulism
clostridium botulinum
types of botulism (3)
- infant botulism
- wound botulism
- food borne botulism
true or false: clostridium botulinum is a spore forming, strict anaroebic bacilli
true
how many types of botulinum toxin?
7 - a, b, c, d, e, f, g
botulinum toxin that cause human illness with a lethal does of 1-2 microgram
A, B, E, F
botulinum toxin associated with a variety of food / canned food
A, B
botulinum toxin from fish products
E
botulinum toxin associated with infant botulism
E, F
botulinum toxin blocks the release of ___ resulting to lack of muscle contraction and paralysis
acetylcholine
diagnostic test for botulism
- mouse bioassay
- radioimmunoassay
treatment for botulism
- antibiotic (penicillin, metronidazole)
- botulinum antitoxins
- trivalent antitoxin
what should not be given to infants to avoid botulism?
honey or corn syrup
refers to neuro-muscular spastic disease
tetanus
tetanus is also called ___
lock jaw
causative agent of tetanus
costridium tetanii
incubation period of tetanus
10-14 days
mode of transmission of tetanus
contamination of wound
true or false: rust in metals cause tetanus
false - tetanus can only come from rusty metals if they are contaminated with tetanus SPORES
diagnostic test for tetanus
none
jerking seizures by tetanus are due to the loss of ___
GABA
SS:
- muscle spasm
- lock jaw
- respiratory arrest
- opisthotonus
- laryngospasm
tetanus
treatment for tetanus
relief for spasms and convulsions, fever
- baclofen
- diazepam
- paracetamol
eliminate bacteria
- metronidazole
- penicillin G
type of viral illness that causes neural injury and death leading to asymmetrical paralysis
poliomyelitis
causative agents of poliomyelitis
polio virus 1, 2, 3
mode of transmission of polio
fecal-oral route
incubation period of polio
7-14 days
polio type: mild viremia stimulates immune response and release antiviral cytokineleading to fever, sore throat, abdominal pain, vomiting, body pain and mild muscle weakness which resolve in less than 3 days
abortive poliomyelitis
polio type: virus reaches the brain and spinal cord, it infects the nerves in the spinal cord
paralytic type
polio type: stiff neck, head ache, back pain and other signs of meningeal irritation may appear
non paralytic type
diagnostic test for polio
- CSF exam
- fecal and naso-pharyngeal culture
- serology
treatment for polio
- oxygen therapy
- paracetamol
- diazepam
- acute inflammation of the meninges
- inflammation of the meninges which may be due to infection or trauma
infectious meningitis
causative agents of meningitis
- streptococcus pneumoniae
- neisseria meningitidis
- listeria monocytogenes
nosocomial - e.coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, s. aureus
- mycobacterium tuberculae
mode of transmission of meningitis
droplet infection
incubation period of meningitis
2-10 days
SS:
- brudzinski
- kernigs signs
- increasing ICP: headache, seizures
- fever
- petechial rash (meningococcal and haemophilus bacteremia)
meningitis
diagnostic test for meningitis
- CSF exam
- blood culture
- CT scan and MRI
treatment for meningitis
- oxygen therapy
- mannitol IV infusion
- furosemide IV push
- dexamethasone IV
- stool softeners: lactulose
eliminate bacteria
- pen G
- ceftriaxone
- chlorampenicol
eliminate TB meningitis
- izoniazid
- rifampin
- pyrazinamide
