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MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY > NERVOUS DISEASES > Flashcards

NERVOUS DISEASES Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

infection predominantly involving the subarachnoid space / meninges

A

meningitis

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2
Q

infection diffusely involving brain tissue

A

encephalitis

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3
Q

focal infection of brain tissue with no capsule formation

A

cerebritis

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4
Q

focal infection of brain tissue with capsule formation

A

abscess

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5
Q

route of cns infection: from primary infection in the lungs or heart valves

A

arterial

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6
Q

route of cns infection: from infected scalp veins, orbital infections via the cavernous sinus

A

venous

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7
Q

arterial and venous route are both __

A

hematogenous

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8
Q

route of cns infection: from the mastoid, middle ear, sinuses, or infected tooth

A

direct

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9
Q

route of cns infection: a result of mechanical trauma

A

implantation

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10
Q

route of cns infection: viral infections like rabies, herpes zoster, and polio

A

along cns pathways

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11
Q

route of cn infection: congenital or acquired (fractures)

A

bony defects

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12
Q

common causative agents of viral encephalitis

A
  • herpes simplex virus
  • varicella zoster
  • epstein barr
  • arthropod borne
  • la cross
  • west nile
  • st. louis
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13
Q

diagnostic test for encephalitis

A

CSF profile

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14
Q

WBC difference of bacterial and viral encephalitis

A

bacterial - neutrophils predominate
viral - lymphocytes predominate

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15
Q

glucose conc. diff. between bacterial and viral encephalitis

A

bacterial - decreased
viral - normal

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16
Q

serum glucose ratio diff. between bacterial and viral encephalitis

A

bacterial - decreased
viral - normal

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17
Q

SS:

  • meningismus
  • headache
  • photophobia
  • pain in moving eyes
  • malaise
  • maylgia
  • anorexia
  • nausea, vomiting
  • abdominal pain
A

encephalitis

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18
Q

treatment for encephalitis

A
  • acyclovir
  • anticonvulsants
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19
Q

mode of transmission of encephalitis

A
  • airbonrne
  • insect / animal bites
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20
Q
  • one of the most important causes of human viral encephalitis in asia
  • zoonotic, vector-borne virus
A

japanese encephalitis

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21
Q

japanese enceph. is primarily spread by ___

A

culex mosquitoes

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22
Q

natural reservoir of japanese enceph.

A

birds and pigs

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23
Q

causative agent of japanese enceph.

A

flavi virus

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24
Q

mode of transmission of japanese enceph.

A

mosquito bites

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25
Q

SS:

  • fever
  • rising ICP damages in brain
  • headache
  • stroke respiration
  • hemianopia / hemianopsia
  • hemiparalysis
  • doll’s eye reflex
  • flexor posturing
  • extensor posturing
  • vegetative state
  • brain dead
A

japanese encephalitis

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26
Q

diagnostic test for japanese enceph.

A
  • CSF exam
  • blood culture
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27
Q

treatment for japanese encephalitis

A

prevent ICP increase
- oxygen therapy
- mannitol IV infusion
- furosemide IV push
- dexamethasone IV
- stool softeners: lactulose

mange seizure and headache
- anti convulsants
- nsaids

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28
Q

type of viral encephalitis caused by rhabdo virus with unique manifestation of violent and impulsive behavior associated to viral damaging effects to the brain

A

rabies

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29
Q

mode of transmission of rabies

A

animal bites

30
Q

incubation period of rabies

A

10 days

31
Q

SS:

  • fever
  • myalgia
  • malaise
  • anorexia
  • painful throat muscles spasm
  • hydrophobia
  • aerophobia
A

rabies

32
Q

diagnostic procedures for rabies

A
  • brain biopsy
  • serology
  • pet observation
33
Q

associated with consumption of home-canned, vacuum-packed food, and preserved spiced, smoked fish

A

botulism

34
Q

causative agent of botulism

A

clostridium botulinum

35
Q

types of botulism (3)

A
  • infant botulism
  • wound botulism
  • food borne botulism
36
Q

true or false: clostridium botulinum is a spore forming, strict anaroebic bacilli

A

true

37
Q

how many types of botulinum toxin?

A

7 - a, b, c, d, e, f, g

38
Q

botulinum toxin that cause human illness with a lethal does of 1-2 microgram

A

A, B, E, F

39
Q

botulinum toxin associated with a variety of food / canned food

A

A, B

40
Q

botulinum toxin from fish products

A

E

41
Q

botulinum toxin associated with infant botulism

A

E, F

42
Q

botulinum toxin blocks the release of ___ resulting to lack of muscle contraction and paralysis

A

acetylcholine

43
Q

diagnostic test for botulism

A
  • mouse bioassay
  • radioimmunoassay
44
Q

treatment for botulism

A
  • antibiotic (penicillin, metronidazole)
  • botulinum antitoxins
  • trivalent antitoxin
45
Q

what should not be given to infants to avoid botulism?

A

honey or corn syrup

46
Q

refers to neuro-muscular spastic disease

A

tetanus

47
Q

tetanus is also called ___

A

lock jaw

48
Q

causative agent of tetanus

A

costridium tetanii

49
Q

incubation period of tetanus

A

10-14 days

50
Q

mode of transmission of tetanus

A

contamination of wound

51
Q

true or false: rust in metals cause tetanus

A

false - tetanus can only come from rusty metals if they are contaminated with tetanus SPORES

52
Q

diagnostic test for tetanus

A

none

53
Q

jerking seizures by tetanus are due to the loss of ___

A

GABA

54
Q

SS:

  • muscle spasm
  • lock jaw
  • respiratory arrest
  • opisthotonus
  • laryngospasm
A

tetanus

55
Q

treatment for tetanus

A

relief for spasms and convulsions, fever
- baclofen
- diazepam
- paracetamol

eliminate bacteria
- metronidazole
- penicillin G

56
Q

type of viral illness that causes neural injury and death leading to asymmetrical paralysis

A

poliomyelitis

57
Q

causative agents of poliomyelitis

A

polio virus 1, 2, 3

58
Q

mode of transmission of polio

A

fecal-oral route

59
Q

incubation period of polio

A

7-14 days

60
Q

polio type: mild viremia stimulates immune response and release antiviral cytokineleading to fever, sore throat, abdominal pain, vomiting, body pain and mild muscle weakness which resolve in less than 3 days

A

abortive poliomyelitis

61
Q

polio type: virus reaches the brain and spinal cord, it infects the nerves in the spinal cord

A

paralytic type

62
Q

polio type: stiff neck, head ache, back pain and other signs of meningeal irritation may appear

A

non paralytic type

63
Q

diagnostic test for polio

A
  • CSF exam
  • fecal and naso-pharyngeal culture
  • serology
64
Q

treatment for polio

A
  • oxygen therapy
  • paracetamol
  • diazepam
65
Q
  • acute inflammation of the meninges
  • inflammation of the meninges which may be due to infection or trauma
A

infectious meningitis

66
Q

causative agents of meningitis

A
  • streptococcus pneumoniae
  • neisseria meningitidis
  • listeria monocytogenes

nosocomial - e.coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, s. aureus

  • mycobacterium tuberculae
67
Q

mode of transmission of meningitis

A

droplet infection

68
Q

incubation period of meningitis

A

2-10 days

69
Q

SS:

  • brudzinski
  • kernigs signs
  • increasing ICP: headache, seizures
  • fever
  • petechial rash (meningococcal and haemophilus bacteremia)
A

meningitis

70
Q

diagnostic test for meningitis

A
  • CSF exam
  • blood culture
  • CT scan and MRI
71
Q

treatment for meningitis

A
  • oxygen therapy
  • mannitol IV infusion
  • furosemide IV push
  • dexamethasone IV
  • stool softeners: lactulose

eliminate bacteria
- pen G
- ceftriaxone
- chlorampenicol

eliminate TB meningitis
- izoniazid
- rifampin
- pyrazinamide

MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY (18 decks)

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