NERVOUS DISEASES

Question 1

infection predominantly involving the subarachnoid space / meninges

Answer 1

meningitis

Question 2

infection diffusely involving brain tissue

Answer 2

encephalitis

Question 3

focal infection of brain tissue with no capsule formation

Answer 3

cerebritis

Question 4

focal infection of brain tissue with capsule formation

Answer 4

abscess

Question 5

route of cns infection: from primary infection in the lungs or heart valves

Answer 5

arterial

Question 6

route of cns infection: from infected scalp veins, orbital infections via the cavernous sinus

Answer 6

venous

Question 7

arterial and venous route are both __

Answer 7

hematogenous

Question 8

route of cns infection: from the mastoid, middle ear, sinuses, or infected tooth

Answer 8

direct

Question 9

route of cns infection: a result of mechanical trauma

Answer 9

implantation

Question 10

route of cns infection: viral infections like rabies, herpes zoster, and polio

Answer 10

along cns pathways

Question 11

route of cn infection: congenital or acquired (fractures)

Answer 11

bony defects

Question 12

common causative agents of viral encephalitis

Answer 12

• herpes simplex virus
• varicella zoster
• epstein barr
• arthropod borne
• la cross
• west nile
• st. louis

Question 13

diagnostic test for encephalitis

Answer 13

CSF profile

Question 14

WBC difference of bacterial and viral encephalitis

Answer 14

bacterial - neutrophils predominate
viral - lymphocytes predominate

Question 15

glucose conc. diff. between bacterial and viral encephalitis

Answer 15

bacterial - decreased
viral - normal

Question 16

serum glucose ratio diff. between bacterial and viral encephalitis

Answer 16

bacterial - decreased
viral - normal

Question 17

SS:

• meningismus
• headache
• photophobia
• pain in moving eyes
• malaise
• maylgia
• anorexia
• nausea, vomiting
• abdominal pain

Answer 17

encephalitis

Question 18

treatment for encephalitis

Answer 18

• acyclovir
• anticonvulsants

Question 19

mode of transmission of encephalitis

Answer 19

• airbonrne
• insect / animal bites

Question 20

• one of the most important causes of human viral encephalitis in asia
• zoonotic, vector-borne virus

Answer 20

japanese encephalitis

Question 21

japanese enceph. is primarily spread by ___

Answer 21

culex mosquitoes

Question 22

natural reservoir of japanese enceph.

Answer 22

birds and pigs

Question 23

causative agent of japanese enceph.

Answer 23

flavi virus

Question 24

mode of transmission of japanese enceph.

Answer 24

mosquito bites

Question 25

SS: - fever - rising ICP damages in brain - headache - stroke respiration - hemianopia / hemianopsia - hemiparalysis - doll's eye reflex - flexor posturing - extensor posturing - vegetative state - brain dead

Answer 25

japanese encephalitis

Question 26

diagnostic test for japanese enceph.

Answer 26

- CSF exam - blood culture

Question 27

treatment for japanese encephalitis

Answer 27

prevent ICP increase - oxygen therapy - mannitol IV infusion - furosemide IV push - dexamethasone IV - stool softeners: lactulose mange seizure and headache - anti convulsants - nsaids

Question 28

type of viral encephalitis caused by rhabdo virus with unique manifestation of violent and impulsive behavior associated to viral damaging effects to the brain

Answer 28

rabies

Question 29

mode of transmission of rabies

Answer 29

animal bites

Question 30

incubation period of rabies

Answer 30

10 days

Question 31

SS: - fever - myalgia - malaise - anorexia - painful throat muscles spasm - hydrophobia - aerophobia

Answer 31

rabies

Question 32

diagnostic procedures for rabies

Answer 32

- brain biopsy - serology - pet observation

Question 33

associated with consumption of home-canned, vacuum-packed food, and preserved spiced, smoked fish

Answer 33

botulism

Question 34

causative agent of botulism

Answer 34

clostridium botulinum

Question 35

types of botulism (3)

Answer 35

- infant botulism - wound botulism - food borne botulism

Question 36

true or false: clostridium botulinum is a spore forming, strict anaroebic bacilli

Answer 36

true

Question 37

how many types of botulinum toxin?

Answer 37

7 - a, b, c, d, e, f, g

Question 38

botulinum toxin that cause human illness with a lethal does of 1-2 microgram

Answer 38

A, B, E, F

Question 39

botulinum toxin associated with a variety of food / canned food

Answer 39

A, B

Question 40

botulinum toxin from fish products

Answer 40

E

Question 41

botulinum toxin associated with infant botulism

Answer 41

E, F

Question 42

botulinum toxin blocks the release of ___ resulting to lack of muscle contraction and paralysis

Answer 42

acetylcholine

Question 43

diagnostic test for botulism

Answer 43

- mouse bioassay - radioimmunoassay

Question 44

treatment for botulism

Answer 44

- antibiotic (penicillin, metronidazole) - botulinum antitoxins - trivalent antitoxin

Question 45

what should not be given to infants to avoid botulism?

Answer 45

honey or corn syrup

Question 46

refers to neuro-muscular spastic disease

Answer 46

tetanus

Question 47

tetanus is also called ___

Answer 47

lock jaw

Question 48

causative agent of tetanus

Answer 48

costridium tetanii

Question 49

incubation period of tetanus

Answer 49

10-14 days

Question 50

mode of transmission of tetanus

Answer 50

contamination of wound

Question 51

true or false: rust in metals cause tetanus

Answer 51

false - tetanus can only come from rusty metals if they are contaminated with tetanus SPORES

Question 52

diagnostic test for tetanus

Answer 52

none

Question 53

jerking seizures by tetanus are due to the loss of ___

Answer 53

GABA

Question 54

SS: - muscle spasm - lock jaw - respiratory arrest - opisthotonus - laryngospasm

Answer 54

tetanus

Question 55

treatment for tetanus

Answer 55

relief for spasms and convulsions, fever - baclofen - diazepam - paracetamol eliminate bacteria - metronidazole - penicillin G

Question 56

type of viral illness that causes neural injury and death leading to asymmetrical paralysis

Answer 56

poliomyelitis

Question 57

causative agents of poliomyelitis

Answer 57

polio virus 1, 2, 3

Question 58

mode of transmission of polio

Answer 58

fecal-oral route

Question 59

incubation period of polio

Answer 59

7-14 days

Question 60

polio type: mild viremia stimulates immune response and release antiviral cytokineleading to fever, sore throat, abdominal pain, vomiting, body pain and mild muscle weakness which resolve in less than 3 days

Answer 60

abortive poliomyelitis

Question 61

polio type: virus reaches the brain and spinal cord, it infects the nerves in the spinal cord

Answer 61

paralytic type

Question 62

polio type: stiff neck, head ache, back pain and other signs of meningeal irritation may appear

Answer 62

non paralytic type

Question 63

diagnostic test for polio

Answer 63

- CSF exam - fecal and naso-pharyngeal culture - serology

Question 64

treatment for polio

Answer 64

- oxygen therapy - paracetamol - diazepam

Question 65

- acute inflammation of the meninges - inflammation of the meninges which may be due to infection or trauma

Answer 65

infectious meningitis

Question 66

causative agents of meningitis

Answer 66

- streptococcus pneumoniae - neisseria meningitidis - listeria monocytogenes nosocomial - e.coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, s. aureus - mycobacterium tuberculae

Question 67

mode of transmission of meningitis

Answer 67

droplet infection

Question 68

incubation period of meningitis

Answer 68

2-10 days

Question 69

SS: - brudzinski - kernigs signs - increasing ICP: headache, seizures - fever - petechial rash (meningococcal and haemophilus bacteremia)

Answer 69

meningitis

Question 70

diagnostic test for meningitis

Answer 70

- CSF exam - blood culture - CT scan and MRI

Question 71

treatment for meningitis

Answer 71

- oxygen therapy - mannitol IV infusion - furosemide IV push - dexamethasone IV - stool softeners: lactulose eliminate bacteria - pen G - ceftriaxone - chlorampenicol eliminate TB meningitis - izoniazid - rifampin - pyrazinamide