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neurology FA > neurology cells > Flashcards

neurology cells Flashcards

1
Q

neurons - function

A

signal-transmitting cells of the nervous system

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2
Q

neurons - proliferation status

A

permanent cells - do not divide in adulthood

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3
Q

neurons - structure and function of every part

A

signal relaying cells
dendrites - receive input
cell bodies
axons send input

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4
Q

neurons cell bodies and dendrites can be seen on

A

Nissle staining (stains RER)

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5
Q

in neurons cells, Nissle stains …. (part) why

A

Cell bodies and dendrites, not the axon because there are not RERs

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6
Q

Injury of axon of neuron –> .. ..

A

Wallerian degeneration: degeneration distal to injury and axonal retraction proximally

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7
Q

Wallerian degeneration - purpose

A

allows for potential regeneration of axon (if in peripheral)

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8
Q

astrocytes - marker and origin

A

marker: GFAP
origin: neuroectoderm

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9
Q

astrocytes - function

A
  1. physical support
  2. repair
  3. removal of excess neurotransmitter
  4. component of BBB
  5. glycogen fuel reserve buffer
  6. K+ metabolism
  7. reactive gliosis in response to neural injury
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10
Q

astrocytes - response to neural injury

A

Reactive gliosis

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11
Q

Microglia function / origin

A

Phagocytic scavenger cells of CNS

origin: mesodermal, mononuclear origin

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12
Q

Microglia - activation

A

in response to tissue damage

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13
Q

Microglia - staining

A

not readily discernible by Nissl stain

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14
Q

Microglia vs HIV

A

microglia infected by HIV fuse to form multinucleated giant cells in CNS

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15
Q

Myelin is made of

A
  • CNS - oligodendrocytes

- PNS - Schwann cells

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16
Q

Myelin - mechanism of action

A

Wraps and insulates axons –> saltatory conduction of action potential at nodes of Ranvier, where there are high concentrations of Na+ channels –> increases 1. space constant 2. conduction velocity

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17
Q

condition that destroys Schwann cells

A

Acute inflammatatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy (Guillain-Barre syndrome)

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18
Q

Schwann cells - derived from

A

neural crest

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19
Q

Schwann cells - function / origin

A
  1. myelinates PNS axon
  2. promote axonal regeneration
    origin: neural crest
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20
Q

nobes of Ranvier - high concentration of

A

Na+ channels

21
Q

astrocytes, microglia, Schwann cells, oligodendroglia - derived from

A

astrocytes –> neuroectoderm
microglia –> mesodermal, mononuclear origin
Schwann cells –> neural crest
oligodendroglia –> neuroectoderm

22
Q

Acustic neuroma - if bilateral, strongly associated with…. / typically located

A

NF2

typically located in internal acoustic meatus (CN III) –> may extend to cerebellopontine angle

23
Q

oligodendrocytes - histological appearance and function

A

fried egg

myelinates axins of neurons in CNS

24
Q

oligodendrocytes VS Schwann cells according function

A
  1. Schwann myelinates PNS axons while oligodendrocytes axons in CNS
  2. One Schwann myelinates 1 axon while oligodendorcyte a lot (~30)
25
Q

conditions with injured oligodendroglia

A
  1. multiple sclerosis
  2. progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
  3. leukodistrophies
26
Q

peripheral nerve structure - from outer to inner

A

Epineurium - perineurium - endoneurium

27
Q

peripheral nerve structure - epineurium?

A

dense connective tissue that surrounds entire nerve (fascicles and vessels)

28
Q

peripheral nerve structure - perineurium?

A

surrounds a fascicle of nerve fibres

29
Q

Predominant type of glial cells in white matter

A

oligodendrocytes

30
Q

peripheral nerve structure - endoneurium?

A

invests single nerve fibers layers

31
Q

peripheral nerve structure - for limb reattachment

A

perineurium must be rejoined microsurgery

32
Q

peripheral nerve structure - inflammatory infiltrate in Guillain Barre syndrome

A

endoneurium

33
Q

BBB function

A

prevents circulating blood substances (eg. bacteria, drugs) from reaching CSF/CNS

34
Q

BBB - number of structures and structures

A

3 structures:

  1. tight junctions between nonfenestrated capillary endothelial cells
  2. Basement membrane
  3. Astrocyte foot processes
35
Q

example of substances that crosses BBB and how

A

glucose –> slowly by carrier-mediated transport mechanism
amnoacids –> slowly by carrier-mediated transport mechanism
Nonpolar/lipid-soluble –> rapidly via diffusion

36
Q

CNS - fenestrated capillaries

A

a few specialized brain regions with fenestrated capillaries and no blood-brain barrier allow molecules in blood to affect brain function

37
Q

CNS - fenestrated capillaries - functional anatomy examples

A
  1. area postrema ( medullary structure) - vomiting after chemo
  2. Vascular organ of lamina terminalis - osmotic sensing
  3. neurosecretory products (ADH - neurohypophysis)
38
Q

Beside BBB, other notable barriers includes

A

Blood-testis barrier

Maternal-fetal blood barrier of placent

39
Q

Vasogenic edema mechanims

A

cerebral edema in which the BBB is disrupted (damaged endothelial cell tight junction)

40
Q

Vasogenic edema - causes

A
  1. infraction

2. neoplasm

41
Q

Osmotic demyelination syndrome is also called

A

central pontine myelinolysis

42
Q

Osmotic demyelination syndrome (central pontine myelinolysis) can cause

A
  1. acute paralysis 2. dysarthria 3. dysphagia

4. diplopia 5. loss of consciousness 6. locked in syndrome

43
Q

locked in syndrome - definition

A

body and most of the facial muscles are paralysed but consciousness remains and the ability to perform certain eye movements is preserved.

44
Q

Osmotic demyelination syndrome (central pontine myelinolysis) - pathophysiology

A

massive axonal demyelination in pontine white matter secondary to osmotic damage

45
Q

Osmotic demyelination syndrome (central pontine myelinolysis) - MCC

A

iatrogenic - overly rapid correction of hyponatremia

46
Q

correcting hypernatremia too quickly results in

A

cerebral edema/herniation

47
Q

correcting of serum Na+ too fast can cause

A

from low to high –> Osmotic demyelination syndrome

from high to low –> cerebral edema/herniation

48
Q

CNS - fenestrated capillaries - functional anatomy examples

A
  1. area postrema ( medullary structure) - vomiting after chemo
  2. Vascular organ of lamina terminalis - osmotic sensing
  3. neurosecretory products (ADH - neurohypophysis)

neurology FA (31 decks)

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