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neurology FA > carvenous sinus - auditory - facial lesions > Flashcards

carvenous sinus - auditory - facial lesions Flashcards

1
Q

cavernous sinus is composed by

A
  1. superior ophthalmic vein

2. sphenoparietal sinus

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2
Q

cavernous sinus - collection of venous sinuses from

A
  1. either side of pituitary
  2. eye
  3. superficial cortex
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3
Q

cavernous sinus –> drained to

A

internal jugular vein

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4
Q

….passes through cavernous sinus

A
  • CN III, CN IV, CN V1, CN VI
  • occasionaly V2
  • postganglionic sympathetic pupillary fibers
  • carvenous portion of internal carotid artery
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5
Q

cavernous sinus syndrome present with

A
  1. variable ophthalmoplegia
  2. decreased corneal sensation
  3. Horner syndrome
  4. decreased maxillary sensation (occasionally)
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6
Q

cavernous sinus syndrome - most susceptible nerve to injury that pass through it

A

CN VI

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7
Q

cavernous sinus syndrome is secondary to

A
  1. pituitary tumor mass effect
  2. carotid - cavernous fistula
  3. cavernous sinus thrombosis related to infection
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8
Q

sinus medial and below carvnous sinus

A

sphenoid sinus

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9
Q

cavernous sinus - distribution of nerves and arteries through it

A

Internal carotid - III
VI IV
(left) V1
V2

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10
Q

it seperatess right from left cavernous sinus

A

hypophysis

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11
Q

structures that passes though subarachnoid space above the cavernous sinus

A

INTERNAL CAROTID and anterior cerebral artery

anterior cerebral is above

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12
Q

ear is divided to

A

outer ear
middle ear
inner ear

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13
Q

visible portion of ear

A

outer ear (pinna)

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14
Q

outer ear consists of

A

pinna (λοβός)
auditory canal
eardrum

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15
Q

outer ear - function

A

transfers sound waves via vibration of eardrum

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16
Q

middle ear - structure

A

air filled space with three bones called the ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)

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17
Q

three ossicles

A
  1. malleus
  2. incus
  3. stapes
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18
Q

middle ear - function

A

ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) conduct and amplify sound from eardrum to inner eye

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19
Q

middle ear is filled with

A

air

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20
Q

inner fluid is filled with

A

Fluid-filled cochlea

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21
Q

inner fluid - shaped

A

snail

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22
Q

inner fluid contains

A

basilar membrane

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23
Q

basilar membrane - function

A

vibrates 2ry to sound waves

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24
Q

vibration from basilar membrane to auditory nerve

A

vibration transduced via specialized hair cells to auditory nerve

25
auditory signal - auditory nerve - next step?
brainstem
26
auditory signal - pathway
sound --> sound waves into auditory canal --> vibration of eardrum --> ossicles conduct and amplify sound to inner ear --> basilar membrane vibration --> vibration transduced via specialized hair cells --> auditory nerve signaling --> brain stem
27
tonotopy?
each frequency leads to vibration at specific location
28
tonotopy - distribution?
low frequency heard at apex near helicotrema (wide and flexible) high frequnecy heard at base of cochlear (thin and rigid)
29
types of hearing loss
1. conductive 2. sensorineural 3. noise-induced
30
conductive hearing loss - Rinne test
abnormal (bone>air) negative
31
conductive hearing loss - Weber test
localizes to affected air
32
sensorineural hearing loss - Rinne test
normal (air>bone) positive
33
sensorineural hearing loss - Weber test
localized to unaffected air
34
noise-induced hearing loss - mechanism
1. hearing loss due to damage sterociliated cells in organ of Corti 2. hearing loss due to sudden extremely loud noises --> tympanic membrane rupture
35
hearing loss due to damage sterociliated cells in organ of Corti - characteristic
loss of high frequency hearing first
36
cholosteatoma?
overgrowth of desquamated keratin debris within middle ear space
37
cholosteatoma - composed by
desquamated keratin debris
38
colosteatoma - complication and mechanism
may erode ossicles and mastoid air cells, retraction or ruptures of tympanic membrane --> conductive hearing loss
39
colosteatoma - otorrhoea characteristic
foul-smelling
40
facial nerve lesion - types (according area)
1. upper motor neuron (UMN) lesion | 2. lower motor neuron (LMN) lesion
41
UMN facial nerve lesion - area
lesion of motor cortex or connection between cortex and facial nerve nucleus in pons
42
UMN facial nerve lesion - appearance
contralateral paralysis of lower face | forehead spared due to bilateral UMN innervation
43
LMN facial nerve lesion - area of lesion and appearance
- ipsilateral paralysis of upper and lower face hyperacusis - loss of taste sensation to antrior tongue
44
facial UMN lesion is AKA
central facial palsy
45
facial LMN lesion is AKA
facial nerve palsy
46
facial nerve palsy?
destruction of facial nucleus or CN VII anywhere along its course
47
peripheral ipsilateral facial paralysis - clinical characteristics
absent forehead creases and drooping smile with inability to close eye on involved side
48
facial nerve palsy - treatment
corticosteroids acyclovir Most patients have gradual recovery of function
49
MCC of facial nerve palsy (and frequency)
Bell palsy (idiopathic) (70%)
50
causes of facial nerve palsy
1. Bell palsy (idiopathic) 2. Lyme diseae 3. HSV 4. sarcoidosis 5. tumors 7. diabetes 8. HZV (Ramsey Hunt syndrome)
51
three ossicles
1. malleus 2. incus 3. stapes
52
mastication muscles - number
4
53
mastication muscles - innervation
V3 (mandibular)
54
mastication muscles - names
1. masseter 2. temporalis 3. medial pterygoid 4. lateral pterygoid
55
mastication muscle - function
- 3 muscles close jaw (masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid) - 1 muscle open the jaw (lateral pterygoid)
56
Ramsay Hnat syndrome is caused by
HZV
57
Trigeminal nerve divisions
V1: ophthalmic V2: maxillary V3: mandibular
58
cavernous sinus syndrome is secondary to (and symptoms)
1. pituitary tumor mass effect 2. carotid - cavernous fistula 3. cavernous sinus thrombosis related to infection symptoms: 1. variable ophthalmoplegia `2. decreased corneal sensation 3. Horner syndrome 4. decreased maxillary sensation (occasionally)
59
Hyperacusis
increased sensitivity to certain frequency and volume ranges of sound

neurology FA (31 decks)

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