Basal ganglia

Question 1

Basal ganglia are important in

Answer 1

voluntary movements and making postural adjustments

Question 2

Basal ganglia receives …. input

Answer 2

cortical

Question 3

Basal ganglia output to cortex –> …

Answer 3

provides negative feedback to cortex to modulate movement

Question 4

basal ganglia - structures

Answer 4

1. striatum (ραβδωτό)
2. Lentiform (φακοειδής)
3. Substantia nigra
4. subthalamic nucleus

Question 5

basal ganglia - striatum =

Answer 5

putamen + caudate

Question 6

basal ganglia - Lentiform =

Answer 6

putamen + globus pallidus

Question 7

basal ganglia - putamen - responsible for

Answer 7

motion regulation

Question 8

basal ganglia - caudate - responsible for

Answer 8

cognitive

Question 9

globus pallidus is divided to

Answer 9

1. Globus pallidus externus

2. Globus pallidus internus

Question 10

basal ganglia - 2 main pathways

Answer 10

1. excitatory pathway (direct)

2. inhibitory pathway (indirect)

Question 11

basal ganglia - excitatory (direct) pathway –> (action)

Answer 11

increases motion

Question 12

basal ganglia - inhibitory (indirect) pathway –> (action)

Answer 12

decreases motion

Question 13

basal ganglia - excitatory (direct) pathway:

Answer 13

cortical inputs (glutamine) stimulate the striatum GABA neurons, which inhibits GABA neurons of Globus pallidus internus/substantia nigra pars reticulata --> disinhibition of the thalamus --> stimulate Motor cortex
--> increases motion

Question 14

basal ganglia - striatum to Globus pallidus internus/substantia nigra pars reticulata - neurotransmitters?

Answer 14

GABA

with Substance P (coneurotransmitter)

Question 15

basal ganglia - inhibitory (indirect) pathway:

Answer 15

cortical inputs (glutamine) stimulate the striatum GABA neurons which inhibits GABA neurons of Globus pallidus externus --> disinhibition of STN --> STN stimulates GABA neurons of Globus pallidus internus/substantia nigra pars reticulata
 --> inhibition of thalamus --> decreases motion

Question 16

basal ganglia - cortical to striatum - neurotransmitter

Answer 16

glutamate

Question 17

striatum to Globus pallidus externus - neurotransmitter

Answer 17

GABA 
with Enkephalin  (coneurotransmitter)

Question 18

basal ganglia - dopamine pathway

Answer 18

Substantia nigra pars compacta –> dopamine –> (striatum) binds to D1 stimulating the excitatory (direct) pathway, and to D2, inhibiting the inhibitory (indirect) pathway –> INCREASED MOTION

Question 19

basal ganglia - dopamine pathway - final result (explain)

Answer 19

INCREASED MOTION (D1 stimulates the direct, D2 inhibits the indirect)

Question 20

basal ganglia - ach pathway defintion

Answer 20

ach neurons of striatum drives the indirect pathway –> decreasing cortical excitation

Question 21

subthalamic nucleus to globus pallidus internus - neurotransmitter

Answer 21

glutamate

Question 22

basal ganglia - dopamine pathway - dopamine is secreted by

Answer 22

Substantia nigra pars compacta