blood perfusion

Question 1

blood - cortical distribution - arteries and what the supply

Answer 1

1. anterior cerebral artery –> anteriomedial surface of the cortex
2. middle cerebral artery –> lateral surface of the cortex
3. posterior cerebral artery –> posterior and inferior surface

Question 2

anterior cerebral artery supplies

Answer 2

anteriomedial surface of the cortex

Question 3

middle cerebral artery supplies

Answer 3

lateral surface of the cortex

Question 4

posterior cerebral artery supplies

Answer 4

posterior and inferior surface

Question 5

watershed zones of the brain - areas

Answer 5

• between anterior cerebral/middle cerebral arteries

- between posterior cerebral/middle cerebral arteries

Question 6

watershed zone are in danger to be damaged under / lesions

Answer 6

severe hypotension –> 1. upper leg/upper arm weakness 2. defects kn higher order visual processes

Question 7

Basilar artery is formed by

Answer 7

anastomosis of right and left vertebral arteries

Question 8

cerebellar arteries

Answer 8

1. superior cerebellar
2. anterior inferior cerebellar
3. posterior inferior cerebellar

Question 9

source of posterior inferior cerebellar arteries

Answer 9

branch of vertebral arteries

Question 10

source of anterior inferior cerebellar arteries

Answer 10

branch at the formation of basilar artery (from right and left vertebral arteries anastomosis)

Question 11

source of superior cerebellar arteries

Answer 11

branch just before the end of basilar artery

Question 12

basilar artery branches

Answer 12

1. anterior inferior cerebellar (at the beginning)
2. pontine arteries
3. superior cerebellar
4. basilar artery becomes left and right posterior cerebral artery

Question 13

circle of willis - definition

Answer 13

system of anastomoses between anterior and posterior blood supplies to brain

Question 14

source of posterior cerebral artery

Answer 14

at the and of basilar artery (basilar artery becomes right and left posterior cerebral artery)

Question 15

source of middle cerebral artery

Answer 15

internal carotid is divided to middle and anterior cerebral artery

Question 16

source of anterior cerebral artery

Answer 16

internal carotid is divided to middle and anterior cerebral artery

Question 17

area of circle of wills (anatomy)

Answer 17

near optic chiasm

Question 18

communicating between cerebral arteries

Answer 18

1. anterior communicating –> between left and right cerebral artery
2. posterior communicating –> posterior cerebral with internal carotid (just before the division of middle and anterior cerebral artery)

Question 19

source of anterior spinal artery

Answer 19

from both vertebral arteries (2 vertebral arteries –> 1 anterior spinal artery)

Question 20

first branches of middle cerebral artery

Answer 20

1. anterior choroidal artery

2. Lenticulo-striate arteries

Question 21

Brain perfusion relies on tight …

Answer 21

auto-regulation

Question 22

auto-regulation - Cerebral perfusion is primarily driven by

Answer 22

1. PCO2 (primarily)

2. PO2 (in severe hypoxia)

Question 23

auto-regulation - hypoxemia increases cerebral perfusion pressure when

Answer 23

P02 is less than 50 mm Hg

Question 24

autoregulation - relationship between PO2 and cerebral blood flow

Answer 24

P02 increases cerebral blood flow (until P02=50 mmHg)

PO2>50 –> plateau of cerebral blood flow

Question 25

autoregulation - relationship between PCO2 and cerebral blood flow

Answer 25

cerebral perfusion pressure increases with PCO2 until PCO2=90 mmHg at PCO2>90 --> plateau of cerebral blood flow

Question 26

pathophysiology of fainting in panic attack

Answer 26

increased RR --> decreased PCO2 --> decreased cerebral blood flow --> fainting

Question 27

therapeutic hyperventilation of acute cerebral edema (stroke, trauma)

Answer 27

hyperventilation --> decreased PCO2--> vasoconstriction --> decreased cerebral blood flow --> decreased intracranial pressure

Question 28

CPP

Answer 28

cerebral perfusion pressure

Question 29

CPP (cerebral perfusion pressure) = .. (and explanation)

Answer 29

CPP = MAP - ICP | cerebral perfusion relies on pressure gradient between mean arterial pressure and intracranial pressure

Question 30

CCP (cerebral perfusion pressure)? if decreased MAP

Answer 30

decreased

Question 31

CCP (cerebral perfusion pressure)? if increased ICP

Answer 31

decreased

Question 32

if CCP=O --> ..

Answer 32

no cerebral perfusion --> brain death

Question 33

circle of Willis - anterior vs posterior circulation (which arteries)

Answer 33

posterior: basilar artery - posterior cerebral arteries anterior: anterior and middle cerebral arteries, internal carotid

Question 34

dural venous sinuses? and area

Answer 34

large venous channels that run through the dura

Question 35

dural venous sinuses - flows? (function)

Answer 35

drain blood from cerebral vein and receive CSF from arachnoid granulation they empty into internal jugular vein

Question 36

Arachnoid granulations are

Answer 36

growths of arachnoid membrane into the dural sinuses through which CSF enters the venous system.

Question 37

dural venous sinuses empty into

Answer 37

internal jugular vein

Question 38

dural venous sinuses drain blood from

Answer 38

cerebral vein

Question 39

dural venous sinuses - examples (types)

Answer 39

1. superior sagittal (οβελιάιος) sinus 2. inferior sagital sinus 3. straight sinus (ευθής) 4. occipital sinus 5. transverse sinus (εγκάρσιος) 6. sphenoparietal sinus 7. cavernous sinus 8. sigmoid sinus

Question 40

watershed zones --> damage in severe hypotenesion --> (clinical manifestation)

Answer 40

1. upper leg/upper arm weakness | 2. defects in higher-order visual processing

Question 41

brain is supplied by (generally)

Answer 41

1. internal carotid arteries (anteriorly) | 2. basilar artery (posteriorly)

Question 42

main location of CSF return via arachnoid granulations

Answer 42

superior sagittal sinus

Question 43

straight sinus is composed by

Answer 43

anastomosis of inferior sagital sinus AND great cerebral vein of Galen

Question 44

anastomosis of inferior sagital sinus AND great cerebral vein of Galen -->

Answer 44

straight sinus

Question 45

confluence of the sinuses (what terminals their and what starts from their)

Answer 45

1. straight sinus (finish) 2. superior sagittal sinus (finish) 3. occipital sinus (finish) 4. (2) transverse sinus (start)

Question 46

confluence of the sinuses (what terminals their)

Answer 46

1. straight sinus 2. superior sagittal sinus 3. occipital sinus

Question 47

confluence of the sinuses (what starts from their)

Answer 47

transverse sinus (start)

Question 48

transverse sinus - fate

Answer 48

is becoming sigmoid sinus and then internal jugular vein

Question 49

carvenous sinus - composed by / fate

Answer 49

it is composed by sphenparietal sinus superior and ophalmic vein flows into transverse sinus

Question 50

sphenoparietal sinus - direction

Answer 50

it connects supperior sagital sinus with carvenous sinus

Question 51

Homonculus?

Answer 51

topographic representation of motor and sensory areas in the cerebral cortex

Question 52

Homonculus - distorted appearance is due to

Answer 52

certain body regions being more richly innervated and thus having increased cortical representation

Question 53

Sigmoid sinus is going into internal jugular vein

Answer 53

Jugular foramen