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neural embryology Flashcards

1
Q

neural development - process

A

notochord induces overlying ectoderm to differentiate neuroectoderm and form neural plate —> Neural plate give rise to neural tube and neural crest cells / notochord becomes nucleous pulposus of intervertebral disc in adults

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2
Q

neural development - notochord induces

A

overlying ectoderm to differentiate neuroectoderm and form neural plate

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3
Q

Neural plate give rise to

A

neural tube and neural crest cells

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4
Q

neural development - parts of neural tube

A 
alar plate (dorsal): sensory
basal plate (ventral): motor 
SAME ORIENTATION AS SPINAL CORD
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5
Q

from notochord to neural tube - time

A

day 18-day 21

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6
Q

…. give rise to neural tube and neural crest cells

A

Neural plate

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7
Q

regional specifications of developing brain - at the beginning - vesicles (number) (cavities)

A

3 (three primary vesicles)

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8
Q

regional specifications of developing brain - three primary vesicles - parts (Walls)

A
  1. forebrain (prosencephalon)
  2. Midbrain (mesencephalon)
  3. Hindbrain (rhomboencephalon)
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9
Q

regional specifications of developing brain - five primary vesicles - parts (arises from)

A
  1. Telencephalon (forebrain)
  2. Diencephalon (forebrain)
  3. Mesencephalon (Midbrain)
  4. Metencephalon (Hindbrain)
  5. Myelencephalon (Hindbrain)
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10
Q

regional specifications of developing brain - forebrain (prosencephalon) gives rise to

A
  1. Telencephalon

2. Diencephalon

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11
Q

regional specifications of developing brain - Midbrain (mesencephalon) gives rise to

A

Mesencephalon

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12
Q

regional specifications of developing brain - Hindbrain (rhomboencephalon) gives rise to

A
  1. Metencephalon

2. Myelencephalon

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13
Q

telencephalon - adults derivatives (wall and cavity)

A

wall: cerebral hemisphere
cavity: lateral ventricles

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14
Q

diencephalon - adults derivatives (wall and cavity)

A

wall: thalamus + hypothalamus
cavity: third ventricle

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15
Q

mesencephalon - adults derivatives (wall and cavity)

A

wall: midbrain
cavity: aqueduct

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16
Q

metencephalon - adults derivatives (wall and cavity)

A

wall: pons and cerebellum
cavity: upper part of fourth ventrivle

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17
Q

myelencephalon - adults derivatives (wall and cavity)

A

wall: medulla
cavity: lower part of fourth ventricle

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18
Q

neuroectoderm give rise to … (cells)

A
  1. CNS neurons
  2. ependymal cell
  3. oligodendroglia
  4. astrocytes
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19
Q

neural crest give rise to … (cells)

A
  1. PNS neurons

2. Schwann cells

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20
Q

mesoderm give rise to … (cells)

A

microglia

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21
Q

neural tube defects - mechanism

A

Nuropores fail to fuse (4th week) –> persistent connection between amnionic cavity and spinal canal

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22
Q

neuropoles fuse (when)

A

4th week

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23
Q

causes of neural tube defects

A

low folic acid intake before conception and during pregnancy

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24
Q

neural tube defects - labs

A
  1. increased a-fetoprotein (AFP) in amniotic fluid and maternal serum (except spina bifida occulta)
  2. increased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in amniotic fluid in amniotic fluid (helpful confirmatory test)
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25
neural tube defects - increased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in amnionic fluid - mechanism
fetal acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in CSF transudates across defect into amniotic fluid
26
neural tube defects - increased in maternal blood and in amnitotic fluid
1. a-fetoprotein (AFP) --> both maternal blood and amniotic fluid 2. acetylcholinesterase (AChE) --> only amniotic fluid
27
Spina bifida occulta - mechanism
failure of spinal canal to close but no stractural herniatiion, and intact dura --> associated with tuft of hair or skin dimple at level of bony defect
28
Spina bifida occulta - area
usually at lower vertebral levels
29
Spina bifida occulta - lab
normal AFP
30
Spina bifida occulta - clinical appearance
it is associated with tuft of hair or skin dimple at level of bony defect
31
Spina bifida - types and MC
1. Spina bifida occulta (MC) 2. Meningocele 3. Meningomyelocele
32
Meningocele - mechanism
meninges (BUT NOT NEURAL TISSUE) herniate through body defect
33
Meningomyelocele - mechanism
meninges and NEURAL TISSUE (eg. cauda equina) herniate through bony defect
34
Meningocele - clinical appearance
+/- skin defect (and cyst through it)
35
Meningomyelocele - clinical appearance
skin usually thin or absent (and cyst through it)
36
Anencephaly - pathophysiology
malformation of anterior neural tube --> no forebrain, open calvarium
37
Anencephaly - clinical and lab findings
1. open calvarium 2. polyhydramnios 3. increased AFP 4. frog like appearance of the fetus
38
Anencephaly - lab
increased AFP
39
Anencephaly - causes of polyhydramnios
no swallowing center in brain --> swallowing of amnionic fluid is impaired
40
causes of anencephaly
1. maternal type 1 diabetes | 2. low folic acid intake before conception and during pregnancy
41
it decreases the risk of anencephaly
maternal folate supplementation
42
Forebrain anomalies - types
1. anencephaly | 2. holoprosencephaly
43
holoprosencephaly - mechanism
failure of left and right hemispheres to separate during 5-6 weeks. Related to mutations in sonic hedgego signaling pathway
44
holoprosencephaly - failure of left and right hemispheres to separate during
5-6 weeks
45
holoprosencephaly - failure of left and right hemispheres to separate during 5-6 weeks. Related to mutations in
sonic hedgego signaling pathway
46
holoprosencephaly - moderate form
cleft lip/palate
47
holoprosencephaly - most severe form (and describe)
cyclopia --> only one eye, centrally placed at nose's root are. There is a missing nose or a nose in the form of a proboscis (a tubular appendage) located above the eye.
48
holoprosencephaly - seen in
1. Patau syndrome | 2. fetal alcohol syndrome
49
neural tube defects - types
1. Spina bifida occulta 2. spina bifida (Meningocele, Meningomyelocele) 3. Anencephaly
50
Posterior fossa malformations - types
1. Chiari II | 2. Dandy-Walker
51
Chiari II - pathophysiology
significant herniation of cerebellar tonsils and vermis through foramen magnum with aqueductal stenosis --> hydrocephalus
52
Chiari II - hydrocephalus - mechanism
aqueductal stenosis --> obstruction of CSF flow commonly
53
Chiari II may occur in association with
1. lumbosacral menigomyelocele --> paralysis below the defect 2. syringomyelia
54
Dandy-Walker - pathophysiology
agenesis of cerebellar vermis with cystic enlargment of 4th ventricle (fills the enlarged posterior fossa)
55
Dandy-Walker is associated with
1. noncommunicating hydrocephalus | 2. spina bifida
56
syringomyelia - definition
cystic cavity within spinal cord (cystic degeneration of spinal cord)
57
syringomyelia is associated with ...
1. Chiari malformations 2. trauma 3. tumors
58
syringomyelia - MC area in the spinal cord
C8-T1
59
syringomyelia - pathogenesis of symptoms
Crossing anterior spinal commissural fibers are typical damaged first
60
syringomyelia - result in (clinical appearance)
cape like bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation in upper extremities (FINE TOUCH SENSATION IS PRESERVED)
61
Chiari I malformation - mechanism
cerebellar tonsillar ectopia >3-5 mm
62
Chiari I malformation - clinical appearance
congenital, usually asymptomatic in childhood, manifests with feadaches and cerebellar sympotms (as the skull and brain are growing)
63
Tongue development
1st and 2nd branchial arches form anterior 2/3 | 3rd and 4th branchial arches form posterior 1/3
64
Tongue development - anterior 2/3 is formed by
1st and 2nd branchial arches
65
nerves responsible for taste (only the names)
CN VII, IX, X (solitary nucleus)
66
solitary nucleus - nerves
CN VII, IX, X
67
nerves responsible for motor on the tongue (only the names)
CN X, XII
68
nerves responsible for pain on the tongue (only the names)
CN V3, IX, X
69
tongue - anterior 2/3 sensation
CN V3
70
tongue - anterior 2/3 taste
CN VII
71
tongue - posterior 1/3 sensation
mainly via CN IX, extreme posterior via CN X
72
tongue - posterior 1/3 taste
mainly via CN IX, extreme posterior via CN X
73
tongue - main muscles and function (and innervation)
1. hyoglossus (XII) --> retracts and depress tongue 2. genioglossus (XII) --> protrudes tongue 3. styloglossus (XII) --> draws sides of tongue upward to create a trough for swallowing 4. palatoglossus (X) --> elevates posterior tongue during swallowing
74
causes of anencephaly
1. maternal type 1 diabetes | 2. low folic acid intake before conception and during pregnancy
75
holoprosencephaly - clinical presentation and mutation / seen in
moderate form --> cleft lip/palate severe form --> cyclopia mutation: sonic hedgego signaling pathway seen in: 1. Patau syndrome 2. fetal alcohol syndrome
76
Chiari II may occur in association with
1. lumbosacral menigomyelocele --> paralysis below the defect 2. syringomyelia

neurology FA (31 decks)

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