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neurology FA > neural embryology > Flashcards

neural embryology Flashcards

1
Q

neural development - process

A

notochord induces overlying ectoderm to differentiate neuroectoderm and form neural plate —> Neural plate give rise to neural tube and neural crest cells / notochord becomes nucleous pulposus of intervertebral disc in adults

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2
Q

neural development - notochord induces

A

overlying ectoderm to differentiate neuroectoderm and form neural plate

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3
Q

Neural plate give rise to

A

neural tube and neural crest cells

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4
Q

neural development - parts of neural tube

A 
alar plate (dorsal): sensory
basal plate (ventral): motor 
SAME ORIENTATION AS SPINAL CORD
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5
Q

from notochord to neural tube - time

A

day 18-day 21

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6
Q

…. give rise to neural tube and neural crest cells

A

Neural plate

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7
Q

regional specifications of developing brain - at the beginning - vesicles (number) (cavities)

A

3 (three primary vesicles)

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8
Q

regional specifications of developing brain - three primary vesicles - parts (Walls)

A
  1. forebrain (prosencephalon)
  2. Midbrain (mesencephalon)
  3. Hindbrain (rhomboencephalon)
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9
Q

regional specifications of developing brain - five primary vesicles - parts (arises from)

A
  1. Telencephalon (forebrain)
  2. Diencephalon (forebrain)
  3. Mesencephalon (Midbrain)
  4. Metencephalon (Hindbrain)
  5. Myelencephalon (Hindbrain)
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10
Q

regional specifications of developing brain - forebrain (prosencephalon) gives rise to

A
  1. Telencephalon

2. Diencephalon

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11
Q

regional specifications of developing brain - Midbrain (mesencephalon) gives rise to

A

Mesencephalon

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12
Q

regional specifications of developing brain - Hindbrain (rhomboencephalon) gives rise to

A
  1. Metencephalon

2. Myelencephalon

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13
Q

telencephalon - adults derivatives (wall and cavity)

A

wall: cerebral hemisphere
cavity: lateral ventricles

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14
Q

diencephalon - adults derivatives (wall and cavity)

A

wall: thalamus + hypothalamus
cavity: third ventricle

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15
Q

mesencephalon - adults derivatives (wall and cavity)

A

wall: midbrain
cavity: aqueduct

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16
Q

metencephalon - adults derivatives (wall and cavity)

A

wall: pons and cerebellum
cavity: upper part of fourth ventrivle

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17
Q

myelencephalon - adults derivatives (wall and cavity)

A

wall: medulla
cavity: lower part of fourth ventricle

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18
Q

neuroectoderm give rise to … (cells)

A
  1. CNS neurons
  2. ependymal cell
  3. oligodendroglia
  4. astrocytes
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19
Q

neural crest give rise to … (cells)

A
  1. PNS neurons

2. Schwann cells

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20
Q

mesoderm give rise to … (cells)

A

microglia

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21
Q

neural tube defects - mechanism

A

Nuropores fail to fuse (4th week) –> persistent connection between amnionic cavity and spinal canal

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22
Q

neuropoles fuse (when)

A

4th week

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23
Q

causes of neural tube defects

A

low folic acid intake before conception and during pregnancy

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24
Q

neural tube defects - labs

A
  1. increased a-fetoprotein (AFP) in amniotic fluid and maternal serum (except spina bifida occulta)
  2. increased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in amniotic fluid in amniotic fluid (helpful confirmatory test)
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25
Q

neural tube defects - increased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in amnionic fluid - mechanism

A

fetal acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in CSF transudates across defect into amniotic fluid

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26
Q

neural tube defects - increased in maternal blood and in amnitotic fluid

A
  1. a-fetoprotein (AFP) –> both maternal blood and amniotic fluid
  2. acetylcholinesterase (AChE) –> only amniotic fluid
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27
Q

Spina bifida occulta - mechanism

A

failure of spinal canal to close but no stractural herniatiion, and intact dura –> associated with tuft of hair or skin dimple at level of bony defect

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28
Q

Spina bifida occulta - area

A

usually at lower vertebral levels

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29
Q

Spina bifida occulta - lab

A

normal AFP

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30
Q

Spina bifida occulta - clinical appearance

A

it is associated with tuft of hair or skin dimple at level of bony defect

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31
Q

Spina bifida - types and MC

A
  1. Spina bifida occulta (MC)
  2. Meningocele
  3. Meningomyelocele
32
Q

Meningocele - mechanism

A

meninges (BUT NOT NEURAL TISSUE) herniate through body defect

33
Q

Meningomyelocele - mechanism

A

meninges and NEURAL TISSUE (eg. cauda equina) herniate through bony defect

34
Q

Meningocele - clinical appearance

A

+/- skin defect (and cyst through it)

35
Q

Meningomyelocele - clinical appearance

A

skin usually thin or absent (and cyst through it)

36
Q

Anencephaly - pathophysiology

A

malformation of anterior neural tube –> no forebrain, open calvarium

37
Q

Anencephaly - clinical and lab findings

A
  1. open calvarium
  2. polyhydramnios
  3. increased AFP
  4. frog like appearance of the fetus
38
Q

Anencephaly - lab

A

increased AFP

39
Q

Anencephaly - causes of polyhydramnios

A

no swallowing center in brain –> swallowing of amnionic fluid is impaired

40
Q

causes of anencephaly

A
  1. maternal type 1 diabetes

2. low folic acid intake before conception and during pregnancy

41
Q

it decreases the risk of anencephaly

A

maternal folate supplementation

42
Q

Forebrain anomalies - types

A
  1. anencephaly

2. holoprosencephaly

43
Q

holoprosencephaly - mechanism

A

failure of left and right hemispheres to separate during 5-6 weeks. Related to mutations in sonic hedgego signaling pathway

44
Q

holoprosencephaly - failure of left and right hemispheres to separate during

A

5-6 weeks

45
Q

holoprosencephaly - failure of left and right hemispheres to separate during 5-6 weeks. Related to mutations in

A

sonic hedgego signaling pathway

46
Q

holoprosencephaly - moderate form

A

cleft lip/palate

47
Q

holoprosencephaly - most severe form (and describe)

A

cyclopia –> only one eye, centrally placed at nose’s root are. There is a missing nose or a nose in the form of a proboscis (a tubular appendage) located above the eye.

48
Q

holoprosencephaly - seen in

A
  1. Patau syndrome

2. fetal alcohol syndrome

49
Q

neural tube defects - types

A
  1. Spina bifida occulta
  2. spina bifida (Meningocele, Meningomyelocele)
  3. Anencephaly
50
Q

Posterior fossa malformations - types

A
  1. Chiari II

2. Dandy-Walker

51
Q

Chiari II - pathophysiology

A

significant herniation of cerebellar tonsils and vermis through foramen magnum with aqueductal stenosis
–> hydrocephalus

52
Q

Chiari II - hydrocephalus - mechanism

A

aqueductal stenosis –> obstruction of CSF flow commonly

53
Q

Chiari II may occur in association with

A
  1. lumbosacral menigomyelocele –> paralysis below the defect
  2. syringomyelia
54
Q

Dandy-Walker - pathophysiology

A

agenesis of cerebellar vermis with cystic enlargment of 4th ventricle (fills the enlarged posterior fossa)

55
Q

Dandy-Walker is associated with

A
  1. noncommunicating hydrocephalus

2. spina bifida

56
Q

syringomyelia - definition

A

cystic cavity within spinal cord (cystic degeneration of spinal cord)

57
Q

syringomyelia is associated with …

A
  1. Chiari malformations
  2. trauma
  3. tumors
58
Q

syringomyelia - MC area in the spinal cord

A

C8-T1

59
Q

syringomyelia - pathogenesis of symptoms

A

Crossing anterior spinal commissural fibers are typical damaged first

60
Q

syringomyelia - result in (clinical appearance)

A

cape like bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation in upper extremities (FINE TOUCH SENSATION IS PRESERVED)

61
Q

Chiari I malformation - mechanism

A

cerebellar tonsillar ectopia >3-5 mm

62
Q

Chiari I malformation - clinical appearance

A

congenital, usually asymptomatic in childhood, manifests with feadaches and cerebellar sympotms (as the skull and brain are growing)

63
Q

Tongue development

A

1st and 2nd branchial arches form anterior 2/3

3rd and 4th branchial arches form posterior 1/3

64
Q

Tongue development - anterior 2/3 is formed by

A

1st and 2nd branchial arches

65
Q

nerves responsible for taste (only the names)

A

CN VII, IX, X (solitary nucleus)

66
Q

solitary nucleus - nerves

A

CN VII, IX, X

67
Q

nerves responsible for motor on the tongue (only the names)

A

CN X, XII

68
Q

nerves responsible for pain on the tongue (only the names)

A

CN V3, IX, X

69
Q

tongue - anterior 2/3 sensation

A

CN V3

70
Q

tongue - anterior 2/3 taste

A

CN VII

71
Q

tongue - posterior 1/3 sensation

A

mainly via CN IX, extreme posterior via CN X

72
Q

tongue - posterior 1/3 taste

A

mainly via CN IX, extreme posterior via CN X

73
Q

tongue - main muscles and function (and innervation)

A
  1. hyoglossus (XII) –> retracts and depress tongue
  2. genioglossus (XII) –> protrudes tongue
  3. styloglossus (XII) –> draws sides of tongue upward to create a trough for swallowing
  4. palatoglossus (X) –> elevates posterior tongue during swallowing
74
Q

causes of anencephaly

A
  1. maternal type 1 diabetes

2. low folic acid intake before conception and during pregnancy

75
Q

holoprosencephaly - clinical presentation and mutation / seen in

A

moderate form –> cleft lip/palate
severe form –> cyclopia
mutation: sonic hedgego signaling pathway
seen in: 1. Patau syndrome 2. fetal alcohol syndrome

76
Q

Chiari II may occur in association with

A
  1. lumbosacral menigomyelocele –> paralysis below the defect
  2. syringomyelia

neurology FA (31 decks)

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