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neurology FA > brain tumors > Flashcards

brain tumors Flashcards

1
Q

primary brain tumors are divided to

A
  1. Adult primary brain tumors

2. Childhood primary brain tumors

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2
Q

Adult primary brain tumors - types

A
  1. Glioblastoma multiforme (grade IV astrocytoma)
  2. Meningioma
  3. Hemangioblastoma
  4. Schwannoma
  5. Oligodendroglioma
  6. Pituitary adenoma
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3
Q

Childhood primary brain tumors - types

A
  1. Pilocytic (low grade) astrocytoma
  2. Medulloblastoma
  3. Ependymoma
  4. Craniopharyngioma
  5. pinealoma
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4
Q

grade IV astrocytoma - also called

A

Glioblastoma multiforme

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5
Q

Glioblastoma multiforme - median survival / behavioral / frequency / found in

A

median surv: 1 year
behavioral: highly malignant primary brain tumor
frequency: common
found in cerebral hemisphere

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6
Q

Glioblastoma multiforme - special feature in gross image

A

can cross corpus callosum (butterfly glioma)

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7
Q

Glioblastoma multiforme - histology

A
  • stain astrocytes with GFAP
  • pseudoplaisading pleomorphic tumor cells
  • border central areas of necrosis and hemorrhage
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8
Q

Meningioma behavioural / frequency

A

typically benign

common

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9
Q

Meningioma - most common areas

A

convexities of hemispheres (near surface of brain) and parasagittal region

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10
Q

Meningioma - symptoms

A

often asymptomatic

may present with seizures or focal neurological signs

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11
Q

Meningioma - treatment

A

resection and/or radiosurgery

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12
Q

Meningioma - histology

A
  • spindle cells concentrically arranged in a whorled pattern
  • psammoma bodies (laminated calcification)
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13
Q

Meningioma - arises from

A

arachnoid cells

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14
Q

Meningioma - spatial distribution

A

is extra-axial (external to brain parenchyma and may have a dural attachment (tail)

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15
Q

Hemangioblastoma - most often area

A

cerebellum

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16
Q

Hemangioblastoma - can produce

A

erytrhopoietin (2ry polycethemia)

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17
Q

Hemangioblastoma is associated with

A

von Hippel-Lindau syndrome when found with retinal angiomas

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18
Q

Hemangioblastoma - histology

A

closely arranged, thin walled capillaries with minimal intervening parenchyma

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19
Q

Pituitary adenoma - most commonly is

A

prolactinoma

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20
Q

Pituitary adenoma can cause

A
  1. bitemporal hemianopia
  2. hypopituitarism
  3. hyperpituitarism
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21
Q

Pituitary adenoma - bitermporal hemianopia is due to

A

pressure on optic chiasm

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22
Q

Schwannoma - area

A

classically at the cerebellopontine angle but can can be along any peripheral nerve (especially at VIII)

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23
Q

Schwannoma - especially in … nerve

A

VIII

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24
Q

Schwannoma of VIII

A

vestibular Schwannoma

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25
Q

Schwannoma - origin

A

Schhann cell origin

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26
Q

Schwannoma stain

A

S-100 positive

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27
Q

Schwannoma treatment

A

resectable or treated with stereotactic radiosurgery

28
Q

NF2 -brain tumor

A

bilateral vestibular Schwannoma

29
Q

bilateral vestibular Schwannoma - found in

A

NF2

30
Q

Oligodendroglioma - progression rate/ area / frequency

A

slow growing
Most often in frontal lobes
relatively rare

31
Q

oligodendroglioma - histology

A
  1. chicken wire capillary pattern
  2. oligodendrocytes= fried egg cells - round nuclei with clear cytoplasm
  3. often calcified
32
Q

oligodendroglioma - capillary pattern

A

chicken wire

33
Q

adult primary brain tumor - GFAP positive

A

Glioblastoma multiforme (grade IV astrocytoma)

34
Q

childhood primary brain tumor - types

A
  1. pilocytic (low grade) astrocytoma
  2. Medulloblastoma
  3. Ependymoma
  4. Craniopharyngioma
  5. Pinealoma
35
Q

pilocytic (low grade) astrocytoma - benign or malignant?

prognosis?

A

Benign

good prognosis

36
Q

pilocytic (low grade) astrocytoma - area

A

most often found in posterior fossa (eg. cerebellum)

May be supratentorial

37
Q

supratentorial region of the brain is

A

the area located above the tentorium cerebelli

38
Q

pilocytic (low grade) astrocytoma - gross appearance

A

usually well circumscribed cystic + solid tumors

39
Q

pilocytic (low grade) astrocytoma - histology

A

GFAP+

Rosenthal fibers: eosinophilic, corkscrew fibers

40
Q

ependymoma - area / prognosis

A

most commonly found in 4th ventricle

poor prognosis

41
Q

ependymoma can cause

A

Hydrocephalus

42
Q

ependymoma - histology

A

characteristic perivascular rosettes.

Rod-shaped blepharoplasts (basal ciliary bodies) found near nucleus

43
Q

Most common supratentorial tumor in childhood

A

craniopharyngioma

44
Q

craniopharyngioma - benign or malignant

A

benign

45
Q

craniopharyngioma can cause

A
  1. bitemporal hemianopia
  2. hypopituitarism
  3. hyperphagia (destruction of ventromedial area - satiety area of hypothalamus)
46
Q

craniopharyngioma may be confused with … (why)

A

Pituitary adenoma

both can cause bitemporal hemianopia

47
Q

craniopharyngioma - derived from

A

Rathke pounch

48
Q

craniopharyngioma - appearance

A
  • calcification is common
  • tooth enamel-like
  • Cholesterol crystals found in “motor oil” - like fluid within tumor
49
Q

Medulloblastoma - benign or malignant / area

A

highly malignant

area cerebellum

50
Q

Medulloblastoma is a form of

A

primitive neuroectodermal tumor

51
Q

Meduloblastoma can –>

A
  1. compress 4th ventricle causing hydrocephalus

2. send “drop metastases” to spinal cord

52
Q

Medulloblastoma - gross appearance

A

solid

53
Q

Medulloblastoma - histology / gross appearance

A
  1. Homer-Wright rosettes
  2. small blue cells
    gross: solid
54
Q

brain tumor - hydrocephalus

A
  1. ependymoma

2. medulloblastoma

55
Q

brain tumor - bitemporal hemianopia

A
  1. Pituitary adenoma

2. Craniopharyngioma

56
Q

brain tumor - rosenthal fibers

A

Pilocytic astrocytoma

57
Q

brain tumor - drop metastases

A

medulloblastoma

58
Q

brain tumor - GFAP positive

A
  1. Glioblastoma multiforme (grade IV astrocytoma)

2. Pilocytic (low grade) astrocytoma

59
Q

brain cancer - stains?

A

GFAP –> GBM, pilocytic

S100 –> Schwannoma

60
Q

Pinelioma - area

A

Pineal gland

61
Q

Pinelioma can cause … (and mechanism)

A
  1. Parinaud syndrome: compression of tectum –> ertical gaze palsy
  2. obstructive hydrocephalus (compression of cerebral aqueduct)
  3. precosious puberty in males (increased β-HCG production)
62
Q

tectum?

A

uppermost part of the midbrain, lying to the rear of the cerebral aqueduct

63
Q

Pinelioma - precosious puberty in males - mechanism

A

increased β-HCG production

64
Q

Pinelioma - histology

A

similar to germ cell tumors

65
Q

Pinelioma can cause … (and mechanism)

A
  1. Parinaud syndrome: compression of tectum –> ertical gaze palsy
  2. obstructive hydrocephalus (compression of cerebral aqueduct)
  3. precosious puberty in males (increased β-HCG production)

neurology FA (31 decks)

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