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neurology FA > brain tumors > Flashcards

brain tumors Flashcards

1
Q

primary brain tumors are divided to

A
  1. Adult primary brain tumors

2. Childhood primary brain tumors

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2
Q

Adult primary brain tumors - types

A
  1. Glioblastoma multiforme (grade IV astrocytoma)
  2. Meningioma
  3. Hemangioblastoma
  4. Schwannoma
  5. Oligodendroglioma
  6. Pituitary adenoma
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3
Q

Childhood primary brain tumors - types

A
  1. Pilocytic (low grade) astrocytoma
  2. Medulloblastoma
  3. Ependymoma
  4. Craniopharyngioma
  5. pinealoma
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4
Q

grade IV astrocytoma - also called

A

Glioblastoma multiforme

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5
Q

Glioblastoma multiforme - median survival / behavioral / frequency / found in

A

median surv: 1 year
behavioral: highly malignant primary brain tumor
frequency: common
found in cerebral hemisphere

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6
Q

Glioblastoma multiforme - special feature in gross image

A

can cross corpus callosum (butterfly glioma)

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7
Q

Glioblastoma multiforme - histology

A
  • stain astrocytes with GFAP
  • pseudoplaisading pleomorphic tumor cells
  • border central areas of necrosis and hemorrhage
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8
Q

Meningioma behavioural / frequency

A

typically benign

common

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9
Q

Meningioma - most common areas

A

convexities of hemispheres (near surface of brain) and parasagittal region

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10
Q

Meningioma - symptoms

A

often asymptomatic

may present with seizures or focal neurological signs

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11
Q

Meningioma - treatment

A

resection and/or radiosurgery

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12
Q

Meningioma - histology

A
  • spindle cells concentrically arranged in a whorled pattern
  • psammoma bodies (laminated calcification)
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13
Q

Meningioma - arises from

A

arachnoid cells

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14
Q

Meningioma - spatial distribution

A

is extra-axial (external to brain parenchyma and may have a dural attachment (tail)

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15
Q

Hemangioblastoma - most often area

A

cerebellum

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16
Q

Hemangioblastoma - can produce

A

erytrhopoietin (2ry polycethemia)

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17
Q

Hemangioblastoma is associated with

A

von Hippel-Lindau syndrome when found with retinal angiomas

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18
Q

Hemangioblastoma - histology

A

closely arranged, thin walled capillaries with minimal intervening parenchyma

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19
Q

Pituitary adenoma - most commonly is

A

prolactinoma

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20
Q

Pituitary adenoma can cause

A
  1. bitemporal hemianopia
  2. hypopituitarism
  3. hyperpituitarism
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21
Q

Pituitary adenoma - bitermporal hemianopia is due to

A

pressure on optic chiasm

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22
Q

Schwannoma - area

A

classically at the cerebellopontine angle but can can be along any peripheral nerve (especially at VIII)

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23
Q

Schwannoma - especially in … nerve

A

VIII

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24
Q

Schwannoma of VIII

A

vestibular Schwannoma

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25
Schwannoma - origin
Schhann cell origin
26
Schwannoma stain
S-100 positive
27
Schwannoma treatment
resectable or treated with stereotactic radiosurgery
28
NF2 -brain tumor
bilateral vestibular Schwannoma
29
bilateral vestibular Schwannoma - found in
NF2
30
Oligodendroglioma - progression rate/ area / frequency
slow growing Most often in frontal lobes relatively rare
31
oligodendroglioma - histology
1. chicken wire capillary pattern 2. oligodendrocytes= fried egg cells - round nuclei with clear cytoplasm 3. often calcified
32
oligodendroglioma - capillary pattern
chicken wire
33
adult primary brain tumor - GFAP positive
Glioblastoma multiforme (grade IV astrocytoma)
34
childhood primary brain tumor - types
1. pilocytic (low grade) astrocytoma 2. Medulloblastoma 3. Ependymoma 4. Craniopharyngioma 5. Pinealoma
35
pilocytic (low grade) astrocytoma - benign or malignant? | prognosis?
Benign | good prognosis
36
pilocytic (low grade) astrocytoma - area
most often found in posterior fossa (eg. cerebellum) | May be supratentorial
37
supratentorial region of the brain is
the area located above the tentorium cerebelli
38
pilocytic (low grade) astrocytoma - gross appearance
usually well circumscribed cystic + solid tumors
39
pilocytic (low grade) astrocytoma - histology
GFAP+ | Rosenthal fibers: eosinophilic, corkscrew fibers
40
ependymoma - area / prognosis
most commonly found in 4th ventricle | poor prognosis
41
ependymoma can cause
Hydrocephalus
42
ependymoma - histology
characteristic perivascular rosettes. | Rod-shaped blepharoplasts (basal ciliary bodies) found near nucleus
43
Most common supratentorial tumor in childhood
craniopharyngioma
44
craniopharyngioma - benign or malignant
benign
45
craniopharyngioma can cause
1. bitemporal hemianopia 2. hypopituitarism 3. hyperphagia (destruction of ventromedial area - satiety area of hypothalamus)
46
craniopharyngioma may be confused with ... (why)
Pituitary adenoma | both can cause bitemporal hemianopia
47
craniopharyngioma - derived from
Rathke pounch
48
craniopharyngioma - appearance
- calcification is common - tooth enamel-like - Cholesterol crystals found in "motor oil" - like fluid within tumor
49
Medulloblastoma - benign or malignant / area
highly malignant | area cerebellum
50
Medulloblastoma is a form of
primitive neuroectodermal tumor
51
Meduloblastoma can -->
1. compress 4th ventricle causing hydrocephalus | 2. send "drop metastases" to spinal cord
52
Medulloblastoma - gross appearance
solid
53
Medulloblastoma - histology / gross appearance
1. Homer-Wright rosettes 2. small blue cells gross: solid
54
brain tumor - hydrocephalus
1. ependymoma | 2. medulloblastoma
55
brain tumor - bitemporal hemianopia
1. Pituitary adenoma | 2. Craniopharyngioma
56
brain tumor - rosenthal fibers
Pilocytic astrocytoma
57
brain tumor - drop metastases
medulloblastoma
58
brain tumor - GFAP positive
1. Glioblastoma multiforme (grade IV astrocytoma) | 2. Pilocytic (low grade) astrocytoma
59
brain cancer - stains?
GFAP --> GBM, pilocytic | S100 --> Schwannoma
60
Pinelioma - area
Pineal gland
61
Pinelioma can cause ... (and mechanism)
1. Parinaud syndrome: compression of tectum --> ertical gaze palsy 2. obstructive hydrocephalus (compression of cerebral aqueduct) 3. precosious puberty in males (increased β-HCG production)
62
tectum?
uppermost part of the midbrain, lying to the rear of the cerebral aqueduct
63
Pinelioma - precosious puberty in males - mechanism
increased β-HCG production
64
Pinelioma - histology
similar to germ cell tumors
65
Pinelioma can cause ... (and mechanism)
1. Parinaud syndrome: compression of tectum --> ertical gaze palsy 2. obstructive hydrocephalus (compression of cerebral aqueduct) 3. precosious puberty in males (increased β-HCG production)

neurology FA (31 decks)

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