Cerebellum - thalamus

Question 1

Cerebellum - function

Answer 1

1. modulates movement

2. aids in coordination and balance

Question 2

Cerebellum - input (and the pathway)

Answer 2

1. contralateral cortex via middle cerebellar peduncle

2. Ipsilateral proprioceptive information via inferior cerebellar peduncle from spinal cord

Question 3

Cerebellum - input from contralateral cortex via

Answer 3

middle cerebellar peduncle

Question 4

Cerebellum - input from spinal cord via

Answer 4

inferior cerebellar peduncle (ipsilateral proprioceptive information)

Question 5

Cerebellum - output (via, and puprose)

Answer 5

send information to contralateral cortex to modulate movement (via superior cerebellar peduncle)

Question 6

Cerebellum - output nerves

Answer 6

Purkinje cells –> deep nuclei of cerebellum –> contralateral cortex via superior cerebellar peduncle

Question 7

Cerebellum - deep nuclei

Answer 7

from lateral to medial

Dentate, Emboliform, Globose, Fastigial

Question 8

Cerebellum - Lateral - function

Answer 8

voluntary movement of extremities

Question 9

Cerebellum - Lateral injured –>

Answer 9

propensity to fall toward injured (ipsilateral side)

intention tremor

Question 10

Cerebellum - medial structures

Answer 10

midline structures (vermal cortex, fastigial nuclei) and flocculonodular lobe

Question 11

flocculonodular lobe is AKA

Answer 11

vestibulocerebellum

Question 12

Cerebellum - medial structures lesions –>

Answer 12

1. truncal ataxia (wide-based cerebellar gait )
2. nystagmus
3. head tilting
4. dysarthria
   (bilateral motor deficits affecting axial and proximal limb musculature)

Question 13

flocculonodular lobe - anatomy

Answer 13

is a lobe of the cerebellum consisting of the nodule and the flocculus. The two flocculi are connected to the midline structure called the nodulus by thin pedicles. It is placed on the anteroinferior surface of cerebellum.

Question 14

Thalamus - anatomical function

Answer 14

Major relay for all ascending sensory information except olfaction

Question 15

All ascending sensory inforamations passes through thalamus except

Answer 15

oflaction

Question 16

Thalamus - most important nuclei

Answer 16

ventral posteriolateral  (VPL)
vental posteriomedial (VPM)
lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)
medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)
ventral lateral (VL)

Question 17

ventral posteriolateral (VPL) - input

Answer 17

1. spinothalamic and 2. dorsal columns/medial lemniscus

Question 18

ventral posteriolateral (VPL) - destination

Answer 18

1ry somatosensory cortex

Question 19

ventral posteriolateral (VPL) - informations

Answer 19

Pain, temperature, pressure, touch, vibration, proprioception

Question 20

vental posteriomedial (VPM) - output

Answer 20

1ry somatosensory cortex

Question 21

vental posteriomedial (VPM) - input

Answer 21

trigeminal and gustatory pathways

Question 22

lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) - informations

Answer 22

vision

Question 23

lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) - input

Answer 23

CN II (optic nerve)

Question 24

lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) - output

Answer 24

calcarine sulcus

Question 25

ventral lateral (VL) - input

Answer 25

1. Basal ganglia | 2. Cerebellum

Question 26

ventral lateral (VL) - informations

Answer 26

motor

Question 27

ventral lateral (VL) - output

Answer 27

Motor cortex

Question 28

medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) - informations

Answer 28

hearing

Question 29

medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) - output

Answer 29

auditory cortex of temporal lobe

Question 30

medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) - input

Answer 30

superior olive and inferior colliculus of tectum

Question 31

trigeminal pathway to thalamus - nuclei?

Answer 31

VPM

Question 32

motor informations from cerebellum to thalamus - nuclei

Answer 32

VL

Question 33

suclus of vision

Answer 33

Calcarine sulcus

Question 34

thalamic nuclei that send informations to 1ry somatosensory cortex (and informations)

Answer 34

VPL - Pain, temperature, pressure, touch, vibration, proprioception VPM - trigeminal and gustatory pathways

Question 35

medial lesion of cerebellum - gait

Answer 35

wided based cerebellar gait

Question 36

cerebellum lesion - manifestation (for every area)

Answer 36

- Lateral injured --> propensity to fall toward injured (ipsilateral side), intention tremor - medial lesion --> truncal ataxia (wide-based cerebellar gait ), nystagmus, head tilting, dysarthria

Question 37

cerebellum lesion - generally midline lesions --> ...

Answer 37

bilateral motor deficits affecting axial and proximal limb musculature

Question 38

from cochlear nucleus to thalamus

Answer 38

superior olive and inferior colliculus of tectum

Question 39

Dopaminergic pathways - types

Answer 39

1. Mesocortical 2. Mesolimbic 3. Nigrostriatal 4. Tuberoinfundibular

Question 40

Dopaminergic pathways - commonly altered by

Answer 40

1. drugs (eg. antipsychotics) | 2. movement disorders (eg. Parkinson)

Question 41

Dopaminergic pathways - types

Answer 41

1. Mesocortical 2. Mesolimbic 3. Nigrostriatal 4. Tuberoinfundibular

Question 42

Dopaminergic pathways - in which pathway the antipsychotic drugs have limited effect

Answer 42

Mesocortical

Question 43

Dopaminergic pathways - which pathway is the primary therapeutic target of antipsychotic drugs

Answer 43

Mesolimbic --> decreased positive symptoms (eg. in schizophrenia)

Question 44

Dopaminergic pathways - which is the MAJOR dopaminergic pathway of the brain

Answer 44

Nigrostriatial

Question 45

Nigrostriatial is significantly affected by

Answer 45

1. movement disorders | 2. antipsychotic drugs

Question 46

Dopaminergic pathways - mescortical - symptoms of altered activity

Answer 46

negative symptoms (eg. flat affect, limited speech)

Question 47

Dopaminergic pathways - Mesolimbic - symptoms of altered activity

Answer 47

``` positive symptoms (delusions, hallucinations) (IF INCREASED ACTIVITY) ```

Question 48

Dopaminergic pathways - Nigrostriatal - symptoms of altered activity

Answer 48

extrapyramidal symptoms (tardive dyskenisia,akathisia, parkinsonism, dystonia)

Question 49

Dopaminergic pathways - Tuberoinfundibular - symptoms of altered activity

Answer 49

increased prolactin --> decreased libido, sexual dysfunction, galactorrhea, gynecomastia (in men)

Question 50

Dopaminergic pathways - types and symptoms of altered activity

Answer 50

1. Mesocortical --> negative symptoms (eg. flat affect, limited speech) 2. Mesolimbic --> positive symptoms (delusions, hallucinations) (IF INCREASED ACTIVITY) 3. Nigrostriatal --> extrapyramidal symptoms (tardive dyskenisia,akathisia, parkinsonism, dystonia) 4. Tuberoinfundibular --> increased prolactin --> decreased libido, sexual dysfunction, galactorrhea, gynecomastia (in men)