Nervous System Various Terms

Question 0

efferent

Answer 0

carry away from a central structure

Question 1

afferent

Answer 1

carry or move inward or toward a central structure

refers to certain arteries, veins, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

Question 2

neurolgia

Answer 2

cells that support neurons and bind them to other neurons of other tissues of the body
term means “nerve glue”
supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons and assist in other metabolic activities; help with nervous system injury or infection
four major types: astrocytes; oligodendrocytes; microglia; ependyma

Question 3

myelin sheath

Answer 3

white lipoid covering of axons that acts as an insulator to reduce the possibility of stimulating adjacent nerves

Question 4

Schwann cell

Answer 4

cell that forms myelin sheath on axons in the peripheral nervous system

Question 5

neurilemma or neurolemma

Answer 5

exterior surface of Schwann cells

Question 6

oligodendrocytes

Answer 6

surrounds myelin sheath in central nervous system. do not produce neurolemma which makes nerve damage in central nervous system irreparable.

Question 7

nodes of Ranvier

Answer 7

short unmyelinated spaces between adhacent segments of myelin sheath

Question 8

synapse

Answer 8

functional connection between neurons or neurons and their targets

Question 9

astrocytes

Answer 9

star shaped neurolgia that provide three dimensional mechanical support for neurons and form tight sheaths around the capillaries of the brain (blood-brain barrier).
perform phagocytic functions

Question 10

oligodendrocytes

Answer 10

responsible for developing myelin on neurons of the central nervous system

Question 11

microglia

Answer 11

smallest neurolgia

phagocytic and may become very active during times of in fection

Question 12

ependymocytes

Answer 12

ciliated cells that line fluid filled cavities of the central nervous system, especially the ventricle of the brain; provide circulation of CSF

Question 13

white matter

Answer 13

bundles of axons with their white lipoid myelin sheath

Question 14

gray matter

Answer 14

unmyelinated fibers, dendrites, and nerve cell bodies

Question 15

cerebrum

Answer 15

largest and uppermost portion of the brain

each of the two hemispheres has five lobes named after the bones that lie directly above them except for the insula

Question 16

gyri

Answer 16

folds and convolutions in cerebrum

Question 17

sulci

Answer 17

furrows or fissures that separate gyri

Question 18

cerebral cortex

Answer 18

thin layer that covers entire cerebrum

Question 19

Cerebellum

Answer 19

second largest structure of the brain
all functions involve movement
aids in maintaining equilibrium and balance

Question 20

diencephalon (interbrain)

Answer 20

composed of many smaller structures including the thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 21

thalamus

Answer 21

receives all sensory stimuli except olfactory and relays them to cerebral cortex
receives impulses from cerebrum and relays them to effernt nerves

Question 22

hypothalamus

Answer 22

regulates activities of autonomic nervous system (ANS) including heartbeat, body temp, fluid balance; also endocrine functions

Question 23

brainstem

Answer 23

consists of:
midbrain (mesencephalon)
medulla
pons

pathway for impulse conduction between the brain and spinal cord
controls the beginning of life and the end of life
origin of 10 of 12 cranial nerves

Question 24

meninges

Answer 24

coverings of brain and spinal chord:
dura mater (pachymenengis)
arachnoid
pia mater

Question 25

cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 25

colorless fluid that contains proteins, glucose, urea, salts, and some white blood cells
circulates around the spinal cord and brain and through ventricles in brain
provides nutrients
acts as a shock absorber

Question 26

hydrpocephalus

Answer 26

fluid in the brain

Question 27

pia matter

Answer 27

innermost meninx
directly adheres to brain and spinal cord
follows contours of gyri and sulci

Question 28

leptomeninges

Answer 28

collective name for arachnoid and pia mater

Question 29

peripheral nervous system

Answer 29

12 pairs of cranial nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves
ANS and CNS

Question 30

ANS

Answer 30

autonomic nervous system

sympathetic: fight or flight (immediate action)
parasympathetic: rest and digest

Question 31

sensory nerves

Answer 31

afferent; receive impulses from sense organs

Question 32

motor nerves

Answer 32

conduct impulses to muscles and glands

Question 33

mixed nerves

Answer 33

composed of sensory and motor fibers; all spinal nerves are mixed

Question 34

spinal nerves

Answer 34

two points of attachment to spinal cord: anterior (ventral) root and posterior (dorsal) root. the two roots unite to form mixed nerve