Genitourinary System Diagnostic, Symptomatic, and Related Terms Flashcards
azotemia
retention of excessive amounts of nitrogenous compounds (urea, creatinine, and uric acid) in the blood; also called uremia
anuria
absence of urine production or urinary output. may be obstructive in which there is blockage proximal to the kidneys, or unobstructive, whihc is caused by severe damage to nephrons of the kidneys
bladder neck obstruction
blockage at base of the bladder that reduces or prevents urine from passing into the urethra.
can be caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia, bladder stones, bladder tumors, or tumors in the pelvic cavity
chronic renal failure
renal failure that occurs over a period of years, in which the kidneys lose their ability to maintain volume and composition of body fluids with normal dietary intake.
it is a result of decreased numbers of functioning nephrons in the kidneys
dysuria
painful or difficult urination, commonly described as a burning sensation while urinating.
symptom of numerous conditions, but most commonly a urinary tract infection
end-stage renal disease
condition in which kidney function is permanently lost
enuresis
involuntary discharge of urine, also called incontinence
night: nocturnal enuresis
day: diurnal enuresis
fistula
abnormal passage from a hollow organ to the surface or from one organ to another. the most common type or urinary fistula is vesicovaginal fistula where communication occurs between the bladder and vagina. Its causes include previous pelvic surgery, difficult and prolonged labor, or reduced blood supply to the area.
frequency
voiding urine at frequent intervals
hesitancy
involuntary delay in initiating urine
hydronephrosis
abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of one or both kidneys due to pressure from accumulated urine that cannot flow past an obstruction in the urinary tract.
the most common causes of hydronephrosis are BPH, urethral strictures, and calculi that lodge in the ureter and cause an obstruciton. the pressure impairs and may eventually interrupt kidney function
nephrotic syndrome
loss of large amounts of plasma protein, usually albumin by way of urine due to increased permeability of the glomerular membrane.
hypoproteinemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia are commonly associated with nephrotic syndrome
nocturia
excessive or frequent urination after going to bed.
typically caused by excessive fluid intake, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, urinary tract infection, prostate disease, impaired renal function, or the use of diuretics
oliguria
diminished capacity to form and pass urine, resulting in inefficient excretion of the end products of metabolism.
usually caused by fluid and electrolyte imbalances, renal lesions, or urinary tract obstruction
polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
inherited disease in which sacs of fluid called cysts develop in the kidneys.
If cysts increase in number or size or if they become infected, kidney failure may result. dialysis or kidney transplant may be necessary for renal failure caused by PKD
urgency
feeing the need to void immediately. commonly occurs in urinary tract infection
vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)
disorder caused by the failure of urine to pass through the ureters to the bladder, usually due to impairment of the valve between the ureter and bladder or obstruction in the ureter.
VUR may result in the enlargement of the kidney (hydronephrosis) if the obstruction is in the proximal portion of the ureter or enlargement of the ureter (hydroureter) and the kidney if the obstruction is in the distal portion of the ureter
Wilms tumor
rapidly developing malignant neoplasm of the kidney that usually occurs in children.
diagnosis of Wilms tumor is established by an excretory urogram with tomography. the tumor is well encapsuled in the early stage but may metastasize to other sites, such as the lymph nodes and lungs at later stages.
anorchidism
congenital absence of one or both testes; also called anorchia or anorchism
treatment for anorchidism requires replacement of the male hormone testosterone. boys affected with anorchidism will need testosterone for puberty to occur
aspermia
failure to form or ejaculate semen.
aspermia should not be confused with azoospermia, which is the absence of sperm in the ejaculate
balanitis
inflammation of the skin covering the glans penis.
Uncircumcised men with poor personal hygiene are prone to this disorder
epispadias
malformation in which the urethra opens on the dorsum of the penis
erectile dysfunction (ED)
repeated inability to initiate or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse
any disorder that causes injury to the nerves or impairs blood flow in the penis has the potential to cause ED
hydrocele
accumulation of serous fluid in a saclike cavity, especially the testes and associated structures.
hydrocele is common in male newborns but usually resolves within the first year
hypospadias
developmental anomaly in which the urethra opens on the underside of the penis, or in extreme cases, on the perineum
phimosis
stenosis or narrowing of preputial orifice so that the foreskin cannot be retracted over the glans penis
sterility
inability to produce offspring; in the male, inability to fertilize the ovum
varicocele
swelling and distention of veins of the spermatic cord
