Genitourinary System Diagnostic, Symptomatic, and Related Terms

Question 0

azotemia

Answer 0

retention of excessive amounts of nitrogenous compounds (urea, creatinine, and uric acid) in the blood; also called uremia

Question 1

anuria

Answer 1

absence of urine production or urinary output. may be obstructive in which there is blockage proximal to the kidneys, or unobstructive, whihc is caused by severe damage to nephrons of the kidneys

Question 2

bladder neck obstruction

Answer 2

blockage at base of the bladder that reduces or prevents urine from passing into the urethra.
can be caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia, bladder stones, bladder tumors, or tumors in the pelvic cavity

Question 3

chronic renal failure

Answer 3

renal failure that occurs over a period of years, in which the kidneys lose their ability to maintain volume and composition of body fluids with normal dietary intake.
it is a result of decreased numbers of functioning nephrons in the kidneys

Question 4

dysuria

Answer 4

painful or difficult urination, commonly described as a burning sensation while urinating.
symptom of numerous conditions, but most commonly a urinary tract infection

Question 5

end-stage renal disease

Answer 5

condition in which kidney function is permanently lost

Question 6

enuresis

Answer 6

involuntary discharge of urine, also called incontinence

night: nocturnal enuresis
day: diurnal enuresis

Question 7

fistula

Answer 7

abnormal passage from a hollow organ to the surface or from one organ to another. the most common type or urinary fistula is vesicovaginal fistula where communication occurs between the bladder and vagina. Its causes include previous pelvic surgery, difficult and prolonged labor, or reduced blood supply to the area.

Question 8

frequency

Answer 8

voiding urine at frequent intervals

Question 9

hesitancy

Answer 9

involuntary delay in initiating urine

Question 10

hydronephrosis

Answer 10

abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of one or both kidneys due to pressure from accumulated urine that cannot flow past an obstruction in the urinary tract.
the most common causes of hydronephrosis are BPH, urethral strictures, and calculi that lodge in the ureter and cause an obstruciton. the pressure impairs and may eventually interrupt kidney function

Question 11

nephrotic syndrome

Answer 11

loss of large amounts of plasma protein, usually albumin by way of urine due to increased permeability of the glomerular membrane.
hypoproteinemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia are commonly associated with nephrotic syndrome

Question 12

nocturia

Answer 12

excessive or frequent urination after going to bed.
typically caused by excessive fluid intake, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, urinary tract infection, prostate disease, impaired renal function, or the use of diuretics

Question 13

oliguria

Answer 13

diminished capacity to form and pass urine, resulting in inefficient excretion of the end products of metabolism.
usually caused by fluid and electrolyte imbalances, renal lesions, or urinary tract obstruction

Question 14

polycystic kidney disease (PKD)

Answer 14

inherited disease in which sacs of fluid called cysts develop in the kidneys.
If cysts increase in number or size or if they become infected, kidney failure may result. dialysis or kidney transplant may be necessary for renal failure caused by PKD

Question 15

urgency

Answer 15

feeing the need to void immediately. commonly occurs in urinary tract infection

Question 16

vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)

Answer 16

disorder caused by the failure of urine to pass through the ureters to the bladder, usually due to impairment of the valve between the ureter and bladder or obstruction in the ureter.
VUR may result in the enlargement of the kidney (hydronephrosis) if the obstruction is in the proximal portion of the ureter or enlargement of the ureter (hydroureter) and the kidney if the obstruction is in the distal portion of the ureter

Question 17

Wilms tumor

Answer 17

rapidly developing malignant neoplasm of the kidney that usually occurs in children.
diagnosis of Wilms tumor is established by an excretory urogram with tomography. the tumor is well encapsuled in the early stage but may metastasize to other sites, such as the lymph nodes and lungs at later stages.

Question 18

anorchidism

Answer 18

congenital absence of one or both testes; also called anorchia or anorchism
treatment for anorchidism requires replacement of the male hormone testosterone. boys affected with anorchidism will need testosterone for puberty to occur

Question 19

aspermia

Answer 19

failure to form or ejaculate semen.

aspermia should not be confused with azoospermia, which is the absence of sperm in the ejaculate

Question 20

balanitis

Answer 20

inflammation of the skin covering the glans penis.

Uncircumcised men with poor personal hygiene are prone to this disorder

Question 21

epispadias

Answer 21

malformation in which the urethra opens on the dorsum of the penis

Question 22

erectile dysfunction (ED)

Answer 22

repeated inability to initiate or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse
any disorder that causes injury to the nerves or impairs blood flow in the penis has the potential to cause ED

Question 23

hydrocele

Answer 23

accumulation of serous fluid in a saclike cavity, especially the testes and associated structures.
hydrocele is common in male newborns but usually resolves within the first year

Question 24

hypospadias

Answer 24

developmental anomaly in which the urethra opens on the underside of the penis, or in extreme cases, on the perineum

Question 25

phimosis

Answer 25

stenosis or narrowing of preputial orifice so that the foreskin cannot be retracted over the glans penis

Question 26

sterility

Answer 26

inability to produce offspring; in the male, inability to fertilize the ovum

Question 27

varicocele

Answer 27

swelling and distention of veins of the spermatic cord