Genitourinary System Diagnostic and Therapeutic procedures

Question 0

electromyography

Answer 0

measures the contraction of muscles that control urination using electrodes placed in the rectum and urethra.
EMG determines whether incontinence is due to weak muscles or other causes

Question 1

digital rectal examination (DRE)

Answer 1

screening test that assesses the rectal wall surface for lesions or abnormally firm areas that might indicate cancer.
In DRE, the physician inserts a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum. In males, the physician also evaluates the size and consistency of the prostate

Question 2

testicular self examionation

Answer 2

self examination of the testes for abnormal lumps or swellings in the scrotal sac.
testicular cancer is the number one cancer killer in men ages 20 to 30

Question 3

cystoscopy

Answer 3

endoscopy of the urinary bladder for evidence of pathology, obtaining biopsies of tumors or other growths, and removal of polyps.
a catheter can be inserted through the hollow channel in the cystoscope to collect tissues samples or introduce contrast media during radiography

Question 4

nephroscopy

Answer 4

endoscopy of the kidneys using a specialized three channel endoscope that enables visualization and irrigation of the kidney.
the nephroscope is passed through a small incision made in the renal pelvis

Question 5

urethroscopy

Answer 5

endoscopy of the urethra using a specialized endoscope, typically for lithotripsy or TURP

Question 6

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

Answer 6

test that determines the amount of urea nitrogen, a waste product of protein metabolism, present in a blood sample.
because urea is cleared from the bloodstream by the kidneys, the BUN test is used as an indicator of kidney function

Question 7

culture and sensitivity (C&S)

Answer 7

test that determines the causative` organism of a disease and how the organism responds to various antibiotics.
C&S tests are performed on urine, blood, and body secretions

Question 8

prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

Answer 8

Blood test used to detect prostatic disorders, especially prostatic cancer.
PSA is a substance produced by the prostate and is normally found in a blood sample in small quantities. The level is elevated in prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and tumors of the prostate

Question 9

semen analysis

Answer 9

test that analyzes a semen sample for volume, sperm count, motility, and morphology to evaluate fertility or verify sterilization after a vasectomy

Question 10

urinalysis (UA)

Answer 10

battery of tests performed on a urine specimen, including physical observation, chemical tests, and microscopic evaluation.
UA not only provides information on the urinary structures but may also be the first indicator of such system disorders as diabetes and liver and gallbladder disease

Question 11

computed tomography

Answer 11

imaging technique that rotates an x-ray emitter around the area to be scanned and measures the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles.
in the genitourinary system, CTs are used to diagnose tumors, cysts, inflammation, abscesses, perforation, bleeding, and obstructions of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder

Question 12

cystography

Answer 12

radiographic examination of the urinary bladder using a contrast medium.
cystography is used to diagnose tumors or defects in the bladder wall, vesicoureteral reflux, stones, or other pathological conditions of the bladder

Question 13

cystometrography

Answer 13

procedures that assesses volume and pressure in the bladder at various stages of filling using saline and a contrast medium introduced into the bladder through a catheter.
it is the primary test used to investigate stress incontinence and urge incontinence

Question 14

intravenous pyelography (IVP)

Answer 14

radiographic examination of the kidneys, and urinary tract after IV injection of a contrast medium; also called excretory urography

Question 15

kidney, ureter, bladder (KUB) radiography

Answer 15

radiographic examination to determine the location, size, and shape of the kidneys in relationship to other organs in the abdominopelvic cavity and to identify abnormalities of the urinary system.
KUB radiography identifies stones and calcified areas and does not require a contrast medium

Question 16

nuclear scan

Answer 16

radiology test in which radioactive materials called tracers are introduced into the patient and a specialized camera, which acts as a radiation detector produces images by recording the emitted tracers

renal: imaging test where a monitor is used to track a radioactive substance as it passes through the kidney

Question 17

ultrasound

Answer 17

radiograph that uses high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) and displays the reflected echoes on a monitor; also called sonography, echography, or echo.
US used to assess scrotal structures and patency of the vas deferens

Question 18

voiding cystourethrography

Answer 18

radiological examination of the bladder and urethra performed before, during, and after voiding using a contrast medium to enhance imaging.
VCUG is performed to determine the cause of repeated bladder infections or stress incontinence and to identify congenital or acquired structural abnormalities of the bladder and urethra

Question 19

dialysis

Answer 19

medical procedure used to filter toxic substances from the patient’s bloodstream, such as excess electrolytes and nitrogenous wastes.
Dialysis provides a means of removing waste products from the blood when kidneys no longer function. nitrogenous waste products are collected in a solution called dialysate, which is discarded at the end of the procedure. There are two primary methods of dialysis: hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis

Question 20

hemodialysis

Answer 20

method of removing waste substances from the blood by shunting it from the body, passing it through an artificial kidney machine where it is filtered, and then returning the dialyzed blood to the patient’s body

Question 21

peritoneal dialysis

Answer 21

removal of toxic substances from the body by perfusing the peritoneal cavity with a warm, sterile chemical solution.
In peritoneal dialysis, the lining of the peritoneal cavity is used as the dialyzing membrane. dialyzing fluid remains in the peritoneal cavity for 1 to 2 hours and then is removed, The procedure is repeated as often as necessary

Question 22

circumcision

Answer 22

removal of all or part of the foreskin, or prepuce, of the penis

Question 23

nephropexy

Answer 23

fixation of a floating or mobile kidney

Question 24

orchidectomy

Answer 24

removal of one or both testes; also called orchiectomy.
orchidectomy may be indicated for serious disease or injury to the testis or to control cancer of the prostate by removing a source of androgenic hormones

Question 25

transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)

Answer 25

surgical procedure that involves inserting a resectoscope into the urethra to “chip away” at the prostate gland to remove the obstruction and flushing out the chips and sending them for analysis to detect possible evidence of cancer.
TURP is used most commonly to relieve obstruction caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia. Because the prostate gland is not completely removed, remaining tissue eventually grows back and may cause obstruction again at a later time.

Question 26

urethrotomy

Answer 26

incision of a urethral stricture.

urethrotomy corrects constrictions of the urethra that make voiding difficult.

Question 27

vasectomy

Answer 27

excision of all or a segment of the vas deferens.
bilateral vasectomy is the most successful method of male contraception. although the procedure is considered permanent, with advances in microsurgery, vasectomy is sometimes reversible.